scholarly journals Small-angle scattering for beginners

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric J. Gommes ◽  
Sebastian Jaksch ◽  
Henrich Frielinghaus

Many experimental methods are available for the characterization of nanostructures, but most of them are limited by stringent experimental conditions. When it comes to analysing nanostructures in the bulk or in their natural environment – even as ordinary as water at room temperature – small-angle scattering (SAS) of X-rays or neutrons is often the only option. The rapid worldwide development of synchrotron and neutron facilities over recent decades has opened unprecedented possibilities for using SAS in situ and in a time-resolved way. But, in spite of its huge potential in the field of nanomaterials in general, SAS is covered far less than other characterization methods in non-specialized curricula. Presented here is a rigorous discussion of small-angle scattering, at a technical level comparable to the classical undergraduate coverage of X-ray diffraction by crystals and which contains diffraction as a particular case.

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1907-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Mang ◽  
Rex P. Hjelm ◽  
Steven F. Son ◽  
Paul D. Peterson ◽  
Betty S. Jorgensen

Small-angle scattering (SAS) and ultra small-angle scattering techniques, employing x-rays and neutrons, were used to characterize six different aluminum nanopowders and nanopowders composed of molybdenum trioxide and tungsten trioxide nanoparticles. Each material has different primary particle morphology and aggregate and agglomerate geometry, and each is important to the development of nano-energetic materials. The combination of small-angle and ultra small-angle techniques allowed a wide range of length scales to be probed, providing a more complete characterization of the materials. For the aluminum-based materials, differences in the scattering of x-rays and neutrons from aluminum and aluminum oxide provided sensitivity to the metal core and metal oxide shell structure of the primary nanoparticles. Small-angle scattering was able to discriminate between particle size and shape and agglomerate and aggregate geometry, allowing analysis of both aspects of the structure. Using the results of these analyses and guided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, physical models were developed, allowing for a quantitative determination of particle morphology, mean nanoparticle size, nanoparticle size distribution, surface layer thickness, and aggregate and agglomerate fractal dimension. Particle size distributions calculated using a maximum entropy algorithm or by assuming a log-normal particle size distribution function were comparable. Surface area and density determinations from the small-angle scattering measurements were comparable to those obtained from other, more commonly used analytical techniques: gas sorption using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and helium pycnometry. Particle size distribution functions derived from the SAS measurements agreed well with those obtained from SEM.


1992 ◽  
Vol 60 (21) ◽  
pp. 2625-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vezin ◽  
P. Goudeau ◽  
A. Naudon ◽  
A. Halimaoui ◽  
G. Bomchil

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bösecke ◽  
O. Diat

The high-brilliance beamline (BL4/ID2) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble has been constructed with the emphasis on time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering and macromolecular crystallography. It has been open to users for two years. The beamline has opened up new areas in small-angle scattering research, facilitating (a) small-angle crystallography on structures with unit cells of several hundredths of nanometres, (b) overlap with the light scattering range for the study of optical systems, (c) high photon flux for time-resolved experiments and (d) a high spatial coherence allowing submicrometre imaging with X-rays. The set-up and the detector system of the small-angle scattering station are presented. A method for obtaining absolute scattering intensities is described. The parasitic background at the station is discussed in terms of absolute scattering intensities.


Author(s):  
Andrew J. Allen ◽  
Igor Levin ◽  
Russell A. Maier ◽  
Suzanne E. Witt ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
...  

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Roessle ◽  
E. Manakova ◽  
I. Lauer ◽  
T. Nawroth ◽  
J. Holzinger ◽  
...  

Pramana ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mazumder ◽  
D. Sen ◽  
A. K. Patra

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