scholarly journals “You can't be an atheist here”: Christianity and Outward Bound in Britain, c.1941–1965

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Mark Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Outward Bound ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the role of formal religion in the early years of Outward Bound, a significant outdoor education organisation in Britain, from the 1940s to the 1960s.Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on archival and other documentary research in various archives and libraries, mostly in the United Kingdom.FindingsThe article shows that religious “instruction” was a central feature of the outdoor education that Outward Bound provided. The nature and extent of this aspect of the training was a matter of considerable debate within the Outward Bound Trust and was influenced by older traditions of muscular Christianity as well as the specific context of the early post–Second World War period. However, the religious influences at the schools were marginalised by the 1960s; although formal Christian observances did not disappear, the emphasis shifted to the promotion of a vaguer spirituality associated with the idea that “the mountains speak for themselves”.Originality/valueThe article establishes the importance of organised Christianity and formal religious observances in the early years of Outward Bound, a feature which has generally been overlooked in the historical literature. It contributes to wider analyses of outdoor education, religious education and secularisation in the mid-twentieth century.

How the Sans Everything and Ely inquiries put reform of psychiatric hospitals onto the United Kingdom government agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Powell ◽  
Claire Hilton
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Historical Case Study ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Focusing Events ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Media ◽  
United Kingdom Government ◽  
The 1960S

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to draw on multiple streams analysis (MSA) and to investigate how policy change emerged from two inquiries into allegations of abusive hospital care in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 1960s.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology of this study is regarding a historical case study of two inquiries.FindingsThe Sans Everything and Ely inquiries had the same legal standing and terms of reference, but the second put psychiatric hospital reform on the agenda, while the first did not. The main factor making Ely rather than Sans Everything the turning point seems to have been concerned with “agency”, linked with a few key individuals.Research limitations/implicationsA study of 1960s event necessarily relies heavily on documentary and archival sources, and cannot draw on interviews which are an important ingredient of many case studies.Originality/valueThe originality of the study is to examines inquiries, which have been largely neglected in MSA, despite their obvious potential role in placing issues on the agenda. Previous studies of MSA have devoted little attention to the ability of the media to provide the focus on “focusing events”.

Finding a turn in Canadian management through archival sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-564
Author(s):  
Jason Russell
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management History ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal something about a turn that occurred in Canadian management from the 1960s to 1980s through an empirical analysis of three different archival research sources. It considers three sub-themes that collectively help to reveal empirically major changes in management identity that happened in Canada from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Design/methodology/approach This paper is divided into several sub-sections and uses social history methodology, although it is principally intended to be an empirical analysis. The rationale for selecting three specific sources and how they relate to each other is discussed. The sources are different in terms of form and periodization, yet they collectively provide coherent insights into the management experience in Canada from the 1960s to 1980s. Findings As a methodology paper, this analysis reveals the unique nature of archival sources that are not often found in management history and also shows how they relate to each other. Research limitations/implications This paper may seem specific to Canadian management history, but it is intended to present sources and methodology that are applicable regardless of locale. Originality/value This paper seeks to present the value of using new methodologies in the study of management history and, while building on existing literature, it helps to reveal the complexity of the management experience in important decades in post-Second World War Canada.

Czech education in nature traditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Andrew Martin ◽  
Geoff Watson ◽  
Jan Neuman ◽  
Ivana Turčová ◽  
Lucie Kalkusová
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Outdoor Sports ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
Outdoor Area ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine Czech traditions of outdoor games and sports, turistika activities and education in nature programmes, which have continued to develop during periods of oppression and provided opportunities to preserve the Czech culture.Design/methodology/approachA review of the historical, cultural and political context of education in nature traditions in Czech was proposed.FindingsLate 19th century organisations such as the Turistický klub and Sokol were instrumental in developing a range of indigenous turistika activities involving active movement. The early 20th century influences were the Czech scouting movement, summer camps and Woodcraft. Charles University provided the first tertiary outdoor educational programmes in Prague in the 1950s. Their foundation course “Turistika and Outdoor Sports” is still compulsory for all students studying physical education and sport. Turistika activities and outdoor sports and games continued to be developed throughout the liberalization of the socialist regime in the 1960s.Practical implicationsFollowing the Prague Spring in 1968, and under the guise of the Socialist Youth Union organization, new experimental forms of outdoor education emerged.Social implicationsSince the Velvet Revolution in 1989 organisations have reconnected with Czech outdoor traditions that flourished before 1948 and other organisations have developed education in nature programs. The commercial sphere, which did not exist before 1989, has now been established in the outdoor area. However, traditional participation in turistika activities has been impacted by other external motivations as a broader range of opportunities have become available and accepted, and tourism outside of Czech and Europe has become increasingly popular and accessible.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is to provide an overview of Czech political and cultural history and how it has shaped people's relationship, particularly children and youth, with the outdoors.

Core Values, Challenges, and Cultural Change: 50+ Years of Outward Bound New Zealand Courses

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-261
Author(s):  
Andrew Martin ◽  
Melanie Mott ◽  
Geoff Watson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Outward Bound ◽  
Executive Directors ◽  
Central Values ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background: Outward Bound New Zealand (OBNZ) was established in 1962, as part of an international network of outdoor education schools founded in the United Kingdom by Kurt Hahn, with the central values of empowering people to fulfill their potential, fostering compassion, and developing courage. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide an empirical case study of an organization evolving according to an industry life cycle, by examining OBNZ’s changing values and how they have maintained their Classic 21-day courses. Methodology/Approach: The research involved semi-structured, in-depth interviews with past School and Executive Directors ( n = 14). Findings/Conclusions: During the 1990s, OBNZ encountered major challenges, which required significant organizational change, but their core business is still the classic course. OBNZ’s values have been repeatedly reviewed but remain aligned to its fundamental vision: better people, better communities, better world. Implications: Hahn’s value of compassion has remained central to OBNZ; however, the Māori [indigenous people of New Zealand] concept of kaitiakitanga [guardianship] has also been integrated into its philosophy. Maintaining its core values has sustained this progressive value-based organization over the past 50+ years.

scholarly journals Peeling Onions with Granny: On being moved to collaborate

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Teresa Murjas
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mixed Media ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Being Moved ◽  
Second World

Abstract This article contemplates the work of UK-based artists' collective Peeling Onions with Granny (POWG). It explores the synergies between four mixed-media projects. These centre on inter-generational legacies of forced displacement. Each artist discussed was born in the United Kingdom in the 1960s/70s. However, during or shortly after the Second World War, our parents and/or grandparents fell victim to Soviet mass deportations from Poland and Latvia to Siberia. The article reflects on the ethical dimensions of our creative engagement with these legacies. It asks what, in a politically volatile 'pre-Brexit' climate, we as both practitioners and descendants of immigrants are bringing to the 'feast'.

scholarly journals Dartmouth Outward Bound Center and the rise of experiential education, 1957–1976

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Jayson Seaman ◽  
Robert MacArthur ◽  
Sean Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Experiential Education ◽  
Outdoor Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outward Bound ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Potential Movement ◽  
The Cold War

PurposeThe article discusses Outward Bound's participation in the human potential movement through its incorporation of T-group practices and the reform language of experiential education in the late 1960s and early 1970s.Design/methodology/approachThe article reports on original research conducted using materials from Dartmouth College and other Outward Bound collections from 1957 to 1976. It follows a case study approach to illustrate themes pertaining to Outward Bound's creation and evolution in the United States, and the establishment of experiential education more broadly.FindingsBuilding on prior research (Freeman, 2011; Millikan, 2006), the present article elaborates on the conditions under which Outward Bound abandoned muscular Christianity in favor of humanistic psychology. Experiential education provided both a set of practices and a reform language that helped Outward Bound expand into the educational mainstream, which also helped to extend self-expressive pedagogies into formal and nonformal settings.Research limitations/implicationsThe Dartmouth Outward Bound Center's tenure coincided with and reflected broader cultural changes, from the cold war motif of spiritual warfare, frontier masculinity and national service to the rise of self-expression in education. Future scholars can situate specific curricular initiatives in the context of these paradigms, particularly in outdoor education.Originality/valueThe article draws attention to one of the forms that the human potential movement took in education – experiential education – and the reasons for its adoption. It also reinforces emerging understandings of post-WWII American outdoor education as a product of the cold war and reflective of subsequent changes in the wider culture to a narrower focus on the self.

scholarly journals Democracy, accountability and audit: the creation of the UK NAO as a defence of liberty

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Ferry ◽  
Henry Midgley
Keyword(s):  
National Audit ◽  
Public Accountability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Audit Reform ◽  
Audit Independence

PurposeThe study focusses on explaining why advocates for reform to state audit in the United Kingdom (UK) in the early 1980s, focussed on improving the links between the new National Audit Office (NAO) and Parliament, rather than on traditional notions of audit independence. The study shows how this focus on the auditor's link to Parliament depends on a particular concept of liberty and relates this to the wider literature on the place of audit in democratic society.Design/methodology/approachUnderstanding the issue of independence of audit in protecting the liberties and rights of citizens needs addressed. In this article, the authors investigate the creation of audit independence in the UK in the National Audit Act (1983). To do so, the authors employ a neo-Roman concept of liberty to historical archives ranging from the late 1960s to 1983.FindingsThe study shows that advocates for audit reform in the UK from the 1960s to the 1980s were arguing for an extension to Parliament's power to hold the executive to account and that their focus was influential on the way that the new NAO was established. Using a neo-Roman concept of liberty, the authors show that they believed Parliamentary surveillance of the executive was necessary to secure liberty within the UK.Research limitations/implicationsThe neo-Roman republican concept of liberty extends previous studies in considering the importance of audit for public accountability, the preservation of liberty and democracy.Practical implicationsPublic sector audit can be a fundamentally democratic activity. Auditors should be alert to the constitutional importance of their work and see parliamentary accountability as a key objective.Originality/valueThe neo-Roman concept of liberty extends previous studies in considering the importance of audit for public accountability, preservation of liberty and democracy.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Films ◽  
Personal Style ◽  
American Cinema ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World ◽  
Wartime Experience ◽  
National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

Public Opinion, Party Politics, and the Welfare State

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Lindvall ◽  
David Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Party System ◽  
Median Voter ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Party Positions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter examines the long-run relationship between public opinion, party politics, and the welfare state. It argues that when large parties receive a clear signal concerning the median voter’s position on the welfare state, vote-seeking motivations dominate and the large parties in the party system converge on the position of the median voter. When the position of the median voter is more difficult to discern, however, policy-seeking motivations dominate, and party positions diverge. This argument implies that the effects of government partisanship on welfare state policy are more ambiguous than generally understood. The countries covered in the chapter are Denmark, France, Germany, Norway and the United Kingdom (going back to the 1960s). The number of observations is (necessarily) limited, but the diverse cases illustrate a common electoral dynamic centered around the position of the median voter.

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