scholarly journals HTMT2–an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Roemer ◽  
Florian Schuberth ◽  
Jörg Henseler
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Loading Patterns

PurposeOne popular method to assess discriminant validity in structural equation modeling is the heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). However, the HTMT assumes tau-equivalent measurement models, which are unlikely to hold for most empirical studies. To relax this assumption, the authors modify the original HTMT and introduce a new consistent measure for congeneric measurement models: the HTMT2.Design/methodology/approachThe HTMT2 is designed in analogy to the HTMT but relies on the geometric mean instead of the arithmetic mean. A Monte Carlo simulation compares the performance of the HTMT and the HTMT2. In the simulation, several design factors are varied such as loading patterns, sample sizes and inter-construct correlations in order to compare the estimation bias of the two criteria.FindingsThe HTMT2 provides less biased estimations of the correlations among the latent variables compared to the HTMT, in particular if indicators loading patterns are heterogeneous. Consequently, the HTMT2 should be preferred over the HTMT to assess discriminant validity in case of congeneric measurement models.Research limitations/implicationsHowever, the HTMT2 can only be determined if all correlations between involved observable variables are positive.Originality/valueThis paper introduces the HTMT2 as an improved version of the traditional HTMT. Compared to other approaches assessing discriminant validity, the HTMT2 provides two advantages: (1) the ease of its computation, since HTMT2 is only based on the indicator correlations, and (2) the relaxed assumption of tau-equivalence. The authors highly recommend the HTMT2 criterion over the traditional HTMT for assessing discriminant validity in empirical studies.

Rethinking balanced scorecard (BSC) measures: formative versus reflective measurement models

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungbum Park ◽  
Heeseok Lee ◽  
Seong Wook Chae
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Formative Indicators

Purpose Most empirical balanced scorecard (BSC) studies have shown a tendency to wrongly employ reflective indicators instead of the more theoretically suitable formative indicators. However, formative indicators are difficult to apply due to the lack of statistical software support and a standardized model testing method. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study empirically compares the reflective and formative measurement method with standardized model comparison criteria. After collecting 217 valid questionnaires from companies in South Korea, the authors applied a structural equation modeling technique to analyze the data. Findings The result shows that the formative measure provides greater validity for the corporate performance measurement using BSC. Further, this study shows the indicators’ relative influence on each BSC perspectives using the formative measure. Practical implications This study proved the usefulness of the formative measure analysis method and suggested its practical use, focusing on the indicators most useful in developing corporate strategies. In addition, the authors showed that formative indicators could be used in the corporate environment by overcoming the limitations of conventional studies that were confined to causal relationships with latent variables. Originality/value This study may be the pioneering work that compares formative and reflective indicators simultaneously, addressing the usefulness of formative measurement and its application validity in the existing empirical studies using reflective measurements.

Evaluating the Construct Validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsien-Yuan Hsu ◽  
Tze-Li Hsu ◽  
KoFan Lee ◽  
Lori Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Measurement Models

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The data were drawn from the national survey of Midlife in the United States conducted during 1994 and 1995. Measurement models assuming different number of factors (1-6 factors) and considering the effect of negatively wording items were specified and compared to determine optimal number of underlying factors. The discriminant validity was assessed following Farrell’s suggestions. The results showed the discriminant validity was questionable due to five indicators with considerable cross-loadings.

Performance evaluation of higher education system amid COVID-19: a threat or an opportunity?

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskar B. Gardas ◽  
Nima Jafari Navimipour
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

PurposeCOVID-19 is moving the world towards a significant number of structural changes, and this pandemic is influencing each individual, society and industry at large. The present empirical research intends to identify the constructs (latent variables) caused mainly due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and analyze their influence on the education system's performance.Design/methodology/approachA pilot study was carried out with 105 responses to gain deeper insights into the factor structure and validate the scale. Then, the exploratory factor analysis was applied to explore five factors. Later on, the confirmatory factor analysis was employed to check the model's unidimensionality, validity and reliability. Finally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the factors influencing educational performance.FindingsFour hypotheses were tested, out of which two were supported, i.e. “compatibility with online mode” and “new opportunities” were found to influence educational performance significantly.Practical implicationsThis investigation aims to provide vital information to the ministry of human resource development and educationists/academicians to understand the influence of the higher education system's factors. Also, it offers some strategies and plans to improve the higher educational systems performance in similar situations.Originality/valueThe previous studies did not identify and analyze the factors that influence the educational system's performance; especially, amid COVID-19 using the exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling approach.

Expected and experienced quality as predictors of intention to purchase four new processed beef products

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiza Saeed ◽  
Klaus G. Grunert
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Latent Constructs ◽  
Beef Products

Purpose – This paper aims to explore consumers' perception of quality of new processed beef products and the role of expected and experienced quality in the formation of consumer's purchase intentions. Based on the Total Food Quality Model, a conceptual framework is developed that relates cue evaluation, expected quality, experienced quality, purchase motive fulfilment and purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modeling is used to test the framework with data from a sample of 201 respondents, involving three steps. First, principal component analyses were applied to explore underlying factor structures within each construct. Based on the exploratory factor analyses, measurement models were estimated, with the measured variables as indicators of latent constructs for all the four products. Finally, structural models were estimated for the relationships among the latent constructs. Findings – Results show that cue evaluations, expected/experienced quality and purchase motive fulfilment are all predictors of purchase intention, but that their weight and causal structure differ between purchase intentions before and after trial. Practical implications – Implications for the introduction of new beef products are discussed. Originality/value – This paper is an attempt to quantitatively estimate the relationships between quality cues, expected and experienced quality, and purchase motives as determinants of purchase intention for new products using structural equation modeling.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Brand as Symbol, Perceived Transaction Value, Perceived Acquisition Value and Customer Loyalty Using Structural Equation Modeling

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee ◽  
Lee ◽  
Liang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Transaction Value

Today consumers’ demands and choices of products or services are constantly changing rapidly in the internet environment of information technology. The markets emphasize quality, service, and customization, which has been changing the consumption patterns in the decision-making process or companies’ production patterns. The enterprises are essential to respond the changes of the consumption side and production side in order to achieve sustainable development. Moreover, it is important to focus on the relationship of interaction with consumers. This study was intended to explore the influence of brand as symbol on consumer behavior to understand the relations between brand as symbol, perceived transaction value, perceived acquisition value, message-response involvement, and customer loyalty. The empirical analysis is performed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), including measurement and structural models. The measurement models are examined with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to identify the relations between latent variables and observed variables whereas the structural models are used to find out the relations between latent variables. Meanwhile, path analysis is adopted to understand the influence between the variables. A questionnaire survey was carried out on customers of chain beverage stores in the Chiayi area through convenient sampling 400 copies were administered and 387 valid samples were retrieved. The response rate was 97%. The results indicate that brand as symbol has significant positive influence on perceived transaction value, perceived acquisition value, and customer loyalty. This means brand as symbol alone can have an effect on customer loyalty and will not be influenced by the level of message-response involvement. This conclusion can be applied to help brand managers to establish close relations with consumers when performing brand design.

Beyond hedonic enjoyment: eudaimonia experience in craft consumption

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuying Zheng ◽  
Lan Xia ◽  
Xiucheng Fan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Hedonic Consumption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Hedonic Enjoyment

Purpose This paper aims to explore the distinctions and similarities about Eudaimonia (a deeper pleasure beyond the hedonic enjoyment) and hedonic enjoyment, especially the influencing factors of Eudaimonia. Design/methodology/approach Survey and experiment are conducted to obtain the data. Structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis and analysis of variance are used to analyze the data. Findings Three empirical studies support the idea that Eudaimonia, as a deeper-level pleasure, is a distinct construct from hedonic enjoyment. Like hedonic enjoyment, Eudaimonia can lead to satisfaction. Unlike hedonic enjoyment, Eudaimonia is driven by effort. Moreover, the effort impact on Eudaimonia is enhanced by the uniqueness of the craft task. Originality/value This paper shifts hedonic consumption studies from a product-based paradigm (e.g. utilitarian vs hedonic) to an experience-based paradigm (hedonic enjoyment vs Eudaimonia). The extension of pleasure to Eudaimonia domain successfully explains why prior hedonic consumption studies find that pleasure is more than the absence of effort and can be more inspiring than purely sensory.

Meta-Accuracy and Perceived Reciprocity From the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Ben Porter ◽  
Camilla S. Øverup ◽  
Julie A. Brunson ◽  
Paras D. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

Abstract. Meta-accuracy and perceptions of reciprocity can be measured by covariances between latent variables in two social relations models examining perception and meta-perception. We propose a single unified model called the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model (PM-SRM). This model simultaneously estimates all possible parameters to provide a more complete understanding of the relationships between perception and meta-perception. We describe the components of the PM-SRM and present two pedagogical examples with code, openly available on https://osf.io/4ag5m . Using a new package in R (xxM), we estimated the model using multilevel structural equation modeling which provides an approachable and flexible framework for evaluating the PM-SRM. Further, we discuss possible expansions to the PM-SRM which can explore novel and exciting hypotheses.

Building a Model of Family Caregiving for Children with Emotional Disorders

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Mcdonald ◽  
Thomas K. Gregoire ◽  
John Poertner ◽  
Theresa J. Early
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Special Challenge ◽  
And Coping

In this article we describe the results of an ongoing effort to better understand the caregiving process in families of children with severe emotional problems. We make two assumptions. First, we assume that these families are essentially like other families but are faced with a special challenge in raising and caring for their special children while at the same time performing the multiple tasks and demands faced by all families. Second, we assume that public policy and programs must be supportive of the care of these children in their own homes and communities whenever possible. The purpose of this article is to present a model of family caregiving that draws broadly from available theory and empirical literature in multiple fields and to subject this model to empirical testing. We use structural equation modeling with latent variables to estimate an empirical model based on the theoretical model. Results of the model testing point to the importance of the child's external problem behaviors and the family's socioeconomic status and coping strategies as determinants of caregiver stress. Other findings highlight difficulties in measuring and modeling the complex mediating process, which includes formal and informal supports, perceptions, and coping behaviors. The use of structural equation modeling can benefit our efforts to support families by making explicit our theories about the important dimensions of this process and the relationship between these dimensions, which can then be subjected to measurement and validation.

Teachers' digital technology access to motivation, skills and use: a structural equation modeling study

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Habibi ◽  
Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob ◽  
Amirul Mukminin ◽  
Muhaimin Muhaimin ◽  
Lantip Diat Prasojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Technology Access ◽  
School Location ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Instructional Use

PurposeThe current study aimed to develop and validate a scale to model factors affecting digital technology access for instructional use. The scale was mainly used to assess the structural model. Besides, tests of difference were addressed regarding digital technology access for instructional use based on gender, teaching experience and school location.Design/methodology/approachThe authors implemented a survey design in this study. A scale based on prior studies was developed, validated and piloted. The pilot study data were computed for an exploratory factor analysis. Further, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and t-test procedures were used for the main data analysis (n.2677). The authors also included the importance-performance map analysis to extend of the results of the PLS-SEM.FindingsThe findings of the study successfully assessed the validity and reliability of the scale. All hypothetical relationships in the structural model were positively significant. The t-test results show that teaching experience and school location were significantly different regarding instructional use access; however, an insignificant difference emerged based on gender.Practical implicationsFailure in technology integration is possible if policies have not been carefully prepared. Therefore, users' perception is an essential factor in determining technology integration, including access to digital technology.Originality/valueThis research has the potential to enhance the understanding of access to digital technology in the context of developing countries by the elaboration of the proposed model's instrument development and validation, path analysis assessment and difference test examination with a large sample size. Also, the current study emphasizes the importance of raising awareness about digital technology access that the model can facilitate a valid and reliable foundation for future researchers interested in conducting similar types of research.

Is lodging research suffering from methods bias? An assessment of published research during 1990-2016

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Ali ◽  
Mehmet Ali Koseoglu ◽  
Fevzi Okumus ◽  
Eka Diraksa Putra ◽  
Mehmet Yildiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Hospitality And Tourism ◽  
Method Bias ◽  
Published Research

Purpose The study aims to investigate if lodging research suffers from a method bias by comprehensively reviewing the research methodology used in lodging related research articles. Design/methodology/approach In all, 2,647 published papers in 16 leading hospitality and tourism published between 1990 and 2016 are analyzed using bibliometric technique. Findings In all, 69% of the empirical studies in lodging research across 26 years period used quantitative methods, with an increasing reliance on regression-based analysis and structural equation modeling, a disturbing plunging trend in methods diversity. Findings also suggest an increasing trend of using secondary data. Research limitations/implications Based on the findings of this study, theoretical and practical implications for hospitality and tourism researchers are provided. Originality/value This is the first study that reviewed a large corpus of published research (2,647 papers in 16 hospitality and tourism journals from the last 27 years) to highlight (a) methodology used, (b) methods employed and (c) data collection and analysis procedures.

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