Analyzing Longitudinal Social Relations Model Data Using the Social Relations Structural Equation Model

The social relations model (SRM) is very often used in psychology to examine the components, determinants, and consequences of interpersonal judgments and behaviors that arise in social groups. The standard SRM was developed to analyze cross-sectional data. Based on a recently suggested integration of the SRM with structural equation models (SEM) framework, we show here how longitudinal SRM data can be analyzed using the SR-SEM. Two examples are presented to illustrate the model, and we also present the results of a small simulation study comparing the SR-SEM approach to a two-step approach. Altogether, the SR-SEM has a number of advantages compared to earlier suggestions for analyzing longitudinal SRM data, making it extremely useful for applied research.

POLA ATTACHMENT DAN KUALITAS HUBUNGAN SOSIAL PADA REMAJA YANG TINGGAL DI PANTI ASUHAN

Gangguan attachment merupakan efek yang paling jelas terlihat pada anak-anak yang dibesarkan di suatu institusi seperti panti asuhan. Attachment anak dengan pengasuh di usia dini merupakan hal yang penting karena dapat terkait dengan kesehatan emosional, self-esteem, rasa percaya diri, dan kemampuan interaksi sosial yang baik kelak pada saat anak menginjak usia remaja. Meskipun telah dilakukan usaha untuk menjadikan panti asuhan sebagai tempat yang dapat menggantikan peran keluarga biologis, tinggal di panti asuhan menghilangkan kesempatan anak untuk mengalami kehidupan keluarga yang penting bagi anak dalam mengembangkan hubungan sosial yang sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pola attachment dan kualitas hubungan sosial berdasarkan Social Relations Model (SRM) pada remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan. Hasil dari penemuan ini dapat dijadikan landasan untuk penelitian lanjutan yang hendak meneliti hubungan sosial anak di panti asuhan. Metode campuran digunakan untuk memperoleh gambaran yang luas mengenai SRM remaja. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dan kuesioner. Remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan (N=3) diminta mengikuti proses wawancara. Data kuantitatif dijabarkan dalam bentuk tabel, dan data kualitatif dijelaskan menggunakan analisis SRM dengan pendekatan fenomenologis. Pada penelitian ini, dua orang responden menunjukkan pola secure attachment dan satu orang dengan pola dismissive attachment. Berdasarkan tipe attachment, terlihat perbedaan pola hubungan sosial. Tipe secure attachment dapat mengekspresikan emosinya dengan mudah dan memandang pengasuh sebagai sosok yang afektif. Tipe dismissive attachment cenderung tidak mudah mengekspresikan emosinya dan tidak memandang pengasuh sebagai sosok yang afektif.

A Practical Tool for Family Assessment Based on the Social Relations Model

An empirically based family assessment can help family therapists understand how a family functions. In systemic therapy a family is seen as a dynamic system in which the family members form interdependent subsystems. The Social Relations Model (SRM) is a useful tool to study such interdependence within a family. According to the SRM, each dyadic score is viewed as the sum of an unobserved family effect, an individual actor and partner effect, and a relation-specific effect. If dyadic data are obtained for a specific family using a round robin design, these different SRM effects can be calculated using an ANOVA-approach. To gain insight into the functioning of a particular family, the family-specific SRM effects can be compared to those from a norm sample and it can be deduced whether that family has deviating scores on a particular SRM effect. Currently, such a family assessment relies on the mean and variance of the SRM ANOVA scores in the norm sample. However, family therapists may not always have access to these data, making the current approach of SRM family assessment not as useful in practice. In this article, we introduce a user-friendly web application that uses an alternative method for SRM family assessment. This alternative strategy requires as input the population parameter estimates of SRM means and variances more commonly described in SRM family literature.

The Extended Social Relations Model: Understanding Dissimilation and Dissensus in the Judgment of Others

The Social Relations Model (SRM) partitions social perceptions into perceiver, target, and relationship effects. The SRM presumes that variability in these effects is consistent across perceivers and targets—that there is the same level of variability in their perceiver, target, and relationship effects. We introduce the extended SRM to examine individual differences in each component of the SRM. To do so, we separate the tendency for perceivers to see targets in different ways, called Dissimilation, into two novel constructs, Sensitivity and Differentiation. Similarly, we separate the tendency for targets to be viewed in different ways, called Dissensus, into two novel constructs called Prototypicality and Volatility. In three studies, we show theutility of this separation for understanding how perceivers use rating scales, the accuracy of judgment, and the meaning of the perceiver effect. The new model is discussed in relation to Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model and Biesanz’s Social Accuracy Model.

Do Perceiver Effects in Interpersonal Perception Predict Cooperation in Social Dilemmas?

People’s general tendencies to view others as cold-hearted and manipulative (rather than affectionate and trustworthy) may explain defection in social dilemma situations. To capture idiosyncratic tendencies in other-perceptions, we collected mutual judgments in groups of unacquainted individuals in two studies (N1 = 83, N2 = 413) and extracted perceiver effect scores using the Social Relations Model. In both studies, participants later played a public goods game. In Study 1, perceiver effects predicted cooperation beyond self-reported and group-related control variables. However, results were not replicated in a preregistered second study with higher power and a more diverse sample. We discuss implicit group norms as a likely explanation for the inconsistent findings and suggest future directions for addressing generalized expectations in social dilemmas.