Russian A2/AD systems will undermine NATO credibility

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Baltic

Significance The emergence of Russian A2/AD zones in the High North, the Baltic Sea, the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea impacts NATO's ability to operate in key regions of interest to the alliance, and could threaten NATO's ability to reinforce its allies in a crisis or during wartime. Impacts Russian A2/AD will drive NATO requirements for specific capabilities, including electronic warfare and stealthier systems. Georgia and Moldova will watch NATO's engagement with its eastern members closely for strong commitments. Covert Russian operations in the Baltic states form a more realistic scenario than overt military intervention.

The selected hydrotechnical conditions of the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripyat River in the development of the International Waterway E40

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Marcin Kalinowski
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
The Baltic

International waterway E40 (MDW E40) is included in the network of inland waterways of transnational importance. It is a link between two areas: the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. E40 route runs through three countries: Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. The article presents the results of the study on the analysis of two very important sections of the MDW E40 on the Belarusian section, it is:. the Dnieper – Bug Channel and the Pripy River. Both elements from the point of view of navigability are the most important links throughout the Belarusian section of the waterway. This article will be useful for the development of plans for revitalization of the international waterway E40 not only on the Belarus part, but also in Poland and Ukraine. Due to the accession and signature by Poland of the AGN Convention in January 2017, the article can be a material to supporting state policy in the context of the development of the inland waterway system in Poland and Europe.

scholarly journals Chara baltica (Charophyceae, Charales) from the Black Sea Region and Taxonomic Implications of Extrastipulodes

Botanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-137
Author(s):  
Roman Romanov ◽  
Daria Korolesova ◽  
Dmitry Afanasyev ◽  
Liubov Zhakova
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractChara baltica (Hartm.) Bruz. was found in the bays of the northern part of the Black Sea as a result of our joint efforts for clarification of some charophyte species from the region. The species was reported new to Ukraine. This is the first reliable record of this species in the Black Sea Region and Russia. In the studied populations, C. baltica had a variable arrangement of stipulodes because of the presence of extrastipulodes as a common trait. The morphology of the specimens studied may suggest a possible explanation of old uncheckable regional records of C. horrida Wahlst., species known from the Baltic Sea only. The worldwide range of C. baltica was summarised with a map according to the published records, GBIF data and some checked specimens. It highlighted the records, which need to be confirmed. The presence of extrastipulodes in the specimen studied, as well as the indication and illustration of some species of charophytes, allowed to suggest several additions to the terminology of charophyte morphology useful for further studies. Their application was demonstrated with the specimens studied and the illustrations published elsewhere.

Russia's Baltic Sea build-up will challenge NATO

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
The Baltic

Significance The Baltic Sea and its airspace brings NATO and Russian forces into direct contact, and frictions have increased since 2014, with a series of dangerously close encounters between aircraft and vessels. NATO wishes to reassure member states and bolster defence and deterrence in the Baltic region. Russia argues that it is being encircled and is developing a network of anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) weapons systems to deter NATO maritime and air forces during a crisis or war. Impacts Aggressive Russian tactics will not stop NATO naval and air forces operating in international waters and in the Baltic states. NATO exercises are likely to intensify, with a special emphasis on long-range strike, anti-submarine and electronic warfare. Amphibious landings to reinforce the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian armies will be tested. NATO members and partners will consider acquiring submarines, sea-based air defence systems and anti-submarine capabilities.

scholarly journals Coccolithophores and calcite saturation state in the Baltic and Black Seas

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tyrrell ◽  
B. Schneider ◽  
A. Charalampopoulou ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The Baltic and Black Seas are both brackish, that is to say both have salinities intermediate between freshwater and seawater. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is abundant in one, the Black Sea, but absent from the other, the Baltic Sea. Here we present summertime coccolithophore measurements confirming this difference, as well as data on the calcium carbonate saturation state of the Baltic Sea. We find that the Baltic Sea becomes undersaturated (or nearly so) in winter, with respect to both the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of CaCO3. Data for the Black Sea are more limited, but it appears to remain strongly supersaturated year-round. The absence of E. huxleyi from the Baltic Sea could therefore potentially be explained by dissolution of their coccoliths in winter, suggesting that minimum annual (wintertime) saturation states could be most important in determining future ocean acidification impacts. In addition to this potential importance of winter saturation state, alternative explanations are also possible, either related to differences in salinity or else to differences in silicate concentrations.

scholarly journals Coccolithophores and calcite saturation state in the Baltic and Black Seas

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 3581-3605 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tyrrell ◽  
B. Schneider ◽  
A. Charalampopoulou ◽  
U. Riebesell
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Calcite Saturation ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The Baltic and Black Seas are both brackish, that is to say both have salinities intermediate between freshwater and seawater. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is abundant in one, the Black Sea, but absent from the other, the Baltic Sea. Here we present summertime coccolithophore measurements confirming this difference, as well as data on the calcium carbonate saturation state of the Baltic Sea. We find that the Baltic Sea becomes undersaturated (or nearly so) in winter, with respect to both the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of CaCO3. Data for the Black Sea are more limited, but it appears to remain strongly supersaturated year-round. The absence of E. huxleyi from the Baltic Sea could therefore potentially be explained by dissolution of their coccoliths in winter, suggesting that minimum annual (wintertime) saturation states could be most important in determining future ocean acidification impacts. In addition to this potential importance of winter saturation state, alternative explanations are also possible, either related to differences in salinity or else to differences in silicate concentrations.

scholarly journals Projects waterways seas in the Soviet Union at the Dnipro as an extension of the concept Intermarium after World War II

2016 ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Pavlo Satskyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Hydroelectric Station ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
The Baltic

The author of the article has been analysing the problems, which had important significance for the new and modern history and for the system of international relations in the Central Europe, i.e. the realisation of the project of uniting of the Baltic and Black Seas as a single political project. It was the well-known idea of the Intermarium, which was popular in the political history for a number of decades and was used by the Polish foreign policy. However, a similar idea was also born in Russia during the Seven Years’ War in the years of 1756-1763. The idea of uniting of the Baltic and Black Seas in terms of the single political 111 project was also relevant in the 20th century before the beginning of the World War II.However, after the end of the war it has gained new technocratic meaning in theUSSR. In USSR the project of the uniting the Baltic and Black Seas was being implemented, into which this country had a relatively easy exit after the integration of the Baltic states by means of the creation of water transport route from the Dnieper. The beginning of the realisation of this idea was building of The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station and the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimea channels. In terms of the realisation of this project there were also plans to create the connection of the Dnieper channel with the Azov Sea. In the process of the discussions related to the question of the expediency of building of the Southern-Ukrainian and Northern-Crimea channels, which took place in 1952, the building of the channel uniting Dnieper with the Azov Sea remained among the top questions for discussions. But there was one controversial question related to the orientation of the before mentioned channel, i.e. according to the Meridian or parallelly, that is parallelly to the Sivash, which separated the Crimea from the mainland. In 1954 the Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR suggested the project of the uniting of the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea in terms of the creating of the Waterways System in the European part of the USSR. All technical projects related to the uniting of the Baltic Sea with the Black Sea with the help of highways remained to be the ideas only. However, one can notice the strategical importance of the development of these ideas and the geopolitical role of the Dnieper river and Sivash, which are strategically interrelated projects.

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