The value of having a first-tier football club in the municipality (even) when tangible benefits are absent

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-238
Author(s):  
Christian Gjersing Nielsen ◽  
Line Bjørnskov Pedersen ◽  
Rasmus K. Storm
Keyword(s):  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Public Subsidy ◽  
Professional Team Sports

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine citizens’ willingness to pay (WTP), in relation to having a professional first-tier football club in a medium-sized Danish municipality, when tangible economic benefits such as economic growth and/or inbound migration produced by these are absent. Design/methodology/approach Using the contingent valuation method on survey respondents, the study examines factors affecting WTP using binary logistic regression and interval regression and further extrapolates the WTP from the sample to the municipal population. Findings Citizens significantly value having a first-tier football club in their municipality even when tangible benefits are absent, although a large proportion of respondents stated to be against the municipality being financially involved in professional team sports clubs (PTSC). WTP is largely driven by interest in sports and the local football club. It is argued that the findings cannot be generalized across contexts. Research limitations/implications There can be circumstances where public subsidy of PTSCs is beneficial to economic welfare. However, authorities should be careful in their evaluation of whether to subsidize PTSCs. Originality/value The study expands on existing research by informing respondents about the lack of tangible benefits produced by PTSCs, hereby focusing on WTP on an informed basis.

How to reduce turnover intention in team sports? Effect of organizational support on turnover intention of professional team sports athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Ströbel ◽  
Christopher Maier ◽  
Herbert Woratschek
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Professional Team Sports

Purpose Turnover of employees is a key challenge for companies. The same is true for sports clubs that must set appropriate incentives to decrease their athletes’ turnover intention. As salary caps and team budgets restrict monetary incentives, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of organizational support on turnover intention of professional team sports athletes. Design/methodology/approach The paper applies a combined approach of qualitative and quantitative research and considers the specific requirements of European professional team sports. First, a qualitative study investigates organizational support in team sports and identifies relevant non-monetary incentives. Second, a quantitative study tests the effects of the identified organizational support incentives on turnover intention using a unique data set of professional team sports athletes. Third, a moderation analysis measures possible effects of age. Findings Through the qualitative study, three relevant non-monetary incentives could be identified in the context of professional team sports: integration of family (IOF), second career support, and private problem support. The subsequent quantitative study of football, ice hockey and handball athletes assesses the effectiveness of the identified incentives. All three incentives negatively influence athletes’ turnover intention, while IOF has a substantially stronger negative effect on turnover intention for younger athletes. Originality/value The findings indicate the importance of organizational support to decrease athletes’ turnover intention. Although money is relevant, sports clubs also need to address non-monetary incentives to decrease their athletes’ turnover intention.

The role of key online reviews in affecting online hotel booking: an empirical investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Pengkun Wu ◽  
Chong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Hotel Managers ◽  
Hotel Booking

Purpose The importance of online reviews on online hotel booking has been widely acknowledged. However, not all online reviews affect consumers equally. Compared with common online reviews, key online reviews (KORs) have a greater influence on consumers' decisions and online hotel booking. This study takes the first step to investigate the factors affecting the identification of KORs and the role of KORs in online hotel booking.Design/methodology/approach To test the research hypotheses, this study develops a crawler to obtain 551,600 online reviews of 650 hotels in ten representative large cities in China. This study first uses a binary logistic regression to identify KORs by combining review content quality and reviewer characteristics and then uses a log-regression model to investigate the role of KORs in online hotel booking.Findings This study mined the factors affecting the identification of KORs by analyzing review contents and reviewer characteristics. Our results revealed that KORs play a mediating role in the effects of review content and reviewer characteristics on online hotel booking.Originality/value This study focuses on KORs, which have received limited attention in research but are important to practitioners. Specifically, this study investigates the antecedents and consequences of KORs. Our results enable hotel managers to manage online reviews effectively, particularly KORs.

scholarly journals Regulatory intensity in English and German professional football

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Bachmaier ◽  
Joachim Lammert ◽  
Daniel Plumley ◽  
Robert Wilson ◽  
Gregor Hovemann
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring

Purpose In order to secure a proper execution of sporting competitions, national governing bodies of professional football leagues apply specific regulatory procedures. In this context, special focus is placed on requirements that are supposed to ensure financial stability of clubs. They, in turn, help avoid negative economic externalities, i.e. the problem that financial difficulties from one club can affect other clubs and stakeholders due to the interdependent relationships of the competition. These regulations on a national level in European professional football leagues show several significant differences. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze financial regulatory procedures of professional football leagues to generate possible improvements of the regulations in detail. Design/methodology/approach Using a document analysis of the regulation books of the English Premier League and German Bundesliga (BL), this study compares the regulatory procedures of those important European professional football leagues. Further evaluation was performed through a qualitative content analysis to develop a category system including six categories with 72 criteria from deductive and inductive procedures. For more advanced coding, an assessment scale was integrated. Findings Compared to the Premier League, the regulation of the BL points to a more intensive regulation in all categories and across all analyzed indices. The results of both leagues partially reveal that assessment and monitoring requirements tend to be ineffective, which can substantially endanger the achievement of the whole monitoring process’ aims. The intention to ensure the financial stability for securing the league competition can be missed in such a situation and negative economic externalities cannot be prevented effectively. Originality/value For the first time, this study includes all relevant requirements of financial club assessment and monitoring. Thereby, an abstract comprehensive and systematic structure for professional team sports leagues is described and allows for a concrete international comparison of two European professional football leagues. At the end, several approaches to improve the regulatory framework are provided.

scholarly journals Consumers’ willingness to pay for organic products in Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaowarat Sriwaranun ◽  
Christopher Gan ◽  
Minsoo Lee ◽  
David A Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Products Analysis ◽  
Jasmine Rice ◽  
The City

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors affecting consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for organics. Design/methodology/approach – A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data at five retail stores in metropolitan Bangkok. Exploratory factor analysis and the double-bound contingent valuation method were used for analysis. Findings – Results indicate WTP premiums of 88, 51 and 51 per cent for kale, jasmine rice and pork, respectively. Analysis indicates that respondents are willing to pay a premium if they have already purchased organic products, have good health, strong ethical and environmental concerns, think that organic products provide greater quality and health benefits, and reside in the city. Respondents with children, however, are less likely to pay a premium for organic products. Analysis also indicates that the price premium hinders purchase. Practical implications – Efforts should be made by policymakers, together with marketers and producers, to lower the price of organic products to attract more consumers. Originality/value – To enlarge the organic market, one must understand consumers’ preferences for organic products and the premium they will pay for them. This is not well-researched. Though several studies have investigated consumers’ behaviour towards environmentally friendly products in Thailand, there is little research on WTP. This lack is a major impediment to the growth of organic consumption and the development of organic product markets.

Infant Mortality of Professional Sports Clubs: An Organizational Ecology Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Frick ◽  
Björn Wallbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Organizational Ecology ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Using Data

SummaryDue to their limited financial resources winning the national championship or qualifying for an international cup competition is not a viable option for most small market clubs in any of the European professional team sports leagues, such as soccer, ice hockey, basketball or handball. However, since a particularly poor performance is usually punished by relegation and since being relegated to the respective second division is associated with a dramatic decline in revenues, avoiding relegation is a target in itself. Using data from seven different professional team sports leagues in four different countries we estimate various parametric and semi-parametric regression models to identify the determinants of the clubs’ length of stay in their respective first division. In line with the organizational ecology literature we find that club experience, previous club performance (number of previous championship titles and number of previous relegations) and market size (average attendance) affect survival in a statistically significant and economically relevant sense. Perhaps surprisingly, founding conditions seem to be irrelevant for a club’s length of stay in its respective first division.

Profit or loss? On the determinants of net income of United States college football programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Peter Omondi-Ochieng
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
College Football ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Football Bowl Subdivision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
Capacity Model ◽  
Football Programs ◽  
Us University

Purpose This study aims to predict the determinants of net income of 101 US university football programs. Design/methodology/approach Guided by stakeholder theory, financial capacity model and resource dependency theory, the dependent variable was net income (indicated as profit or loss) and independent variables were measured as the number of women and men’s team sports, average home attendances, win–loss records, conference ranking, endowment funds and age of football programs. Statistical analysis was performed using Kendell tau and binary logistic regression (BLR). Findings Net income was positively and statistically associated with home attendance, win–loss record, conference rankings and endowment funds, but not number of women’s sports, age of football program and number of men’s sports teams. The BLR indicated that home attendance was the best predictor of net income. Research limitations/implications The research was delimited to 101 Football Bowl Subdivision football programs from public universities. Practical implications The findings indicate that home attendance and conference rankings had the highest association with net income, but the former was the best predictor of net income and not football tradition nor number of sports teams. Originality/value The study was pioneering in the predictive evaluation of the possible determinants of loss or profitability in college football programs.

A new love–hate scale for sports fans

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avichai Shuv-Ami ◽  
Anat Toder Alon ◽  
Sandra Maria Correia Loureiro ◽  
Hans Ruediger Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Empirical Survey

PurposeThis study, an empirical research, aims to construct and validate a new love-hate scale for sports fans and tested its antecedents and consequences.Design/methodology/approachThe scale was designed and validated in three separate empirical survey studies in the context of Israeli professional basketball. In Phase 1, the authors verified the factorial validity of the proposed scale using exploratory factor analysis. In Phase 2, the authors conducted a confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. In Phase 3, the authors tested the nomological network validity of the scale.FindingsThe findings show that fans' involvement, loyalty and fandom significantly predicted their love–hate, which in turn significantly predicted self-reported fan aggression, fans' acceptance of fan aggression, price premium and frequency of watching games.Research limitations/implicationsThe model was tested on a relatively small sample of fans within a single country. This lack of generalizability should be addressed in future studies by examining the model in other sports contexts and countries.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that understanding the properties of the love–hate measure may assist team sports clubs in identifying, preventing and controlling potential fan aggression.Originality/valueThe study provides three incremental contributions above and beyond existing research: it develops and validates a scale for measuring the phenomenon of sports fans' love and hate as mixed emotions; it makes it possible to capture the variations in the magnitude of fans' love–hate; and it relates fans' love–hate to important attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.

scholarly journals Too big to fail? Accounting for predictions of financial distress in English professional football clubs

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Plumley ◽  
Jean-Philippe Serbera ◽  
Rob Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Distress ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Too Big To Fail ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Football Clubs

PurposeThis paper analyses English Premier League (EPL) and English Football League (EFL) championship clubs during the period 2002–2019 to anticipate financial distress with specific reference to footballs' Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations.Design/methodology/approachData was collected for 43 professional football clubs competing in the EPL and Championship for the financial year ends 2002–2019. Analysis was conducted using the Z-score methodology and additional statistical tests were conducted to measure differences between groups. Data was split into two distinct periods to analyse club finances pre- and post-FFP.FindingsThe results show significant cases of financial distress amongst clubs in both divisions and that Championship clubs are in significantly poorer financial health than EPL clubs. In some cases, financially sustainability has worsened post-FFP. The “big 6” clubs – due to their size – seem to be more financially sound than the rest of the EPL, thus preventing a “too big to fail” effect. Overall, the financial situation in English football remains poor, a position that could be exacerbated by the economic crisis, caused by COVID-19.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are not generalisable outside of the English football industry and the data is susceptible to usual accounting techniques and treatments.Practical implicationsThe paper recommends a re-distribution of broadcasting rights, on a more equal basis and incentivised with cost-reduction targets. The implementation of a hard salary cap at league level is also recommended to control costs. Furthermore, FFP regulations should be re-visited to deliver the original objectives of bringing about financial sustainability in European football.Originality/valueThe paper extends the evidence base of measuring financial distress in professional team sports and is also the first paper of its kind to examine this in relation to Championship clubs.

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