Solar-Driven Simultaneous Electrochemical CO2 Reduction and Water Oxidation Using Perovskite Solar Cells

The utilization of solar energy into electrochemical reduction systems has received considerable attention. Most of these attempts have been conducted in a single electrolyte without a membrane. Here, we report the system combined by the electrochemical CO2 reduction on the Au dendrite electrode and the water oxidation on the Co-Pi electrode with a Nafion membrane. An efficient reduction of CO2 to CO in the cathode using the proton from water oxidation in the anode is conducted using perovskite solar cells under 1 sun condition. The sustainable reaction condition is secured by balancing each reaction rate based on products analysis. Through this system, we collect reduction products such as CO and H2 and oxidation product, O2, separately. Employing separation of each electrode system and series-connected perovskite solar cells, we achieve 8% of solar to fuel efficiency with 85% of CO selectivity under 1 sun illumination.

Natural Products Analysis of South Pacific Marine Sponges

<p>This thesis describes the isolation and structure elucidation of 15 new secondary metabolites from Tongan and New Zealand marine sponges. A total of 18 sponge specimens were subjected to an NMR-based screening method, of which four were analysed in detail. Examination of a two-sponge association, Stelletta crater and Desmacella dendyi from New Zealand, resulted in the isolation of two new 4-methylenesterols, craterols A (94) and B (95). To the best of the author’s knowledge, compounds 94 and 95 represent the first secondary metabolites to be reported from either species. Both 94 and 95 possess a double bond between C-5 and C-6, a feature that is unprecedented in this subgroup of marine natural products. An investigation of a Tongan sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa afforded two new pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, 6-bromodamirone B (182) and makaluvamine W (183). Makaluvamine W (183) contains an oxazole moiety, which is uncommon in this group of natural products. Both 182 and 183 lacked activity against the human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Five new compounds were isolated from a Tongan sponge of the genus Leucetta, including two glycerol lipids (238 and 239), three glycerol ethers (244–246) and an imidazole alkaloid (243). Naamidine K (243) is a new addition to the naamidine family, while the glycerol metabolites are non-imidazole alkaloid additions to the group of compounds reported from this genus. A spectroscopic investigation into the Tongan sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis yielded four new zampanolide analogues (282–285) and a new oxygenated sesquiterpene, isodictyodendrillin A (280). The isolation of the zampanolide analogues gives insight into the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in this family of compounds. Zampanolides B–D (282–284) displayed potent antiproliferative activity towards HL-60 cell lines in the low nanomolar range (3–5 nM), while zampanolide E (285) was significantly less potent with an IC50 value of 306 nM. In addition, the re-isolation of dactylolide (281) and zampanolide A (278) from this sponge, established a firm conclusion regarding the controversial configuration of dactylolide (281), which possesses the same absolute configuration as (–)-zampanolide A (278) and has a levorotatory optical rotation.</p>

Natural Products Analysis of South Pacific Marine Sponges

<p>This thesis describes the isolation and structure elucidation of 15 new secondary metabolites from Tongan and New Zealand marine sponges. A total of 18 sponge specimens were subjected to an NMR-based screening method, of which four were analysed in detail. Examination of a two-sponge association, Stelletta crater and Desmacella dendyi from New Zealand, resulted in the isolation of two new 4-methylenesterols, craterols A (94) and B (95). To the best of the author’s knowledge, compounds 94 and 95 represent the first secondary metabolites to be reported from either species. Both 94 and 95 possess a double bond between C-5 and C-6, a feature that is unprecedented in this subgroup of marine natural products. An investigation of a Tongan sponge Zyzzya fuliginosa afforded two new pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, 6-bromodamirone B (182) and makaluvamine W (183). Makaluvamine W (183) contains an oxazole moiety, which is uncommon in this group of natural products. Both 182 and 183 lacked activity against the human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). Five new compounds were isolated from a Tongan sponge of the genus Leucetta, including two glycerol lipids (238 and 239), three glycerol ethers (244–246) and an imidazole alkaloid (243). Naamidine K (243) is a new addition to the naamidine family, while the glycerol metabolites are non-imidazole alkaloid additions to the group of compounds reported from this genus. A spectroscopic investigation into the Tongan sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis yielded four new zampanolide analogues (282–285) and a new oxygenated sesquiterpene, isodictyodendrillin A (280). The isolation of the zampanolide analogues gives insight into the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in this family of compounds. Zampanolides B–D (282–284) displayed potent antiproliferative activity towards HL-60 cell lines in the low nanomolar range (3–5 nM), while zampanolide E (285) was significantly less potent with an IC50 value of 306 nM. In addition, the re-isolation of dactylolide (281) and zampanolide A (278) from this sponge, established a firm conclusion regarding the controversial configuration of dactylolide (281), which possesses the same absolute configuration as (–)-zampanolide A (278) and has a levorotatory optical rotation.</p>

PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF FLOUR CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS FOR CHILDREN OVER THREE YEARS OLD

Качественное сбалансированное питание является одной из самых обсуждаемых и изучаемых тем научного сообщества. Для детей и подростков питание – основа физического и когнитивного развития. Модель питания в последнее 10-летие претерпела существенные изменения: самыми доступными стали продукты с высокой энергетической плотностью, не обладающие оптимальным пищевым профилем, вызывающие неинфекционные заболевания, в том числе и в детском возрасте. В структуре питания современного человека 1/3 суточного потребления энергии составляют «перекусы на бегу». Как правило, это кондитерские изделия длительных сроков хранения, основной сегмент которых составляет печенье. В 75% исследованных образцов сахарного печенья содержание добавленного сахара и жира превышает установленный уровень избыточности, 90% образцов содержат средний рекомендуемый уровень пищевой соли, содержание пищевых волокон находится в диапазоне 1,9–2,8 г/100 г изделия, что свидетельствует о необходимости количественного понижения критических веществ и повышения содержания пищевых волокон вследствие несбалансированности данной пищевой группы. Проведенный мониторинг рекомендаций совершенствования нутриентного состава продуктов питания, анализ рецептурного состава мучных кондитерских изделий группы печенья позволяет установить основные перспективные направления его модификации, важнейшим из которых является обеспечение поступления в рецептуру печенья достаточного количества пищевых волокон из цельного зерна в соответствии с принципами здорового питания и требованиями существующего законодательства к специализированным продуктам для детей старше трех лет. Создание усовершенствованных кондитерских изделий позволит сохранить и укрепить здоровье подрастающего поколения. Quality balanced nutrition is one of the most discussed and studied topics in the scientific community. For children and adolescents, nutrition is the foundation of physical and cognitive development. The nutritional model has undergone significant changes in the last 10 years: the most affordable products have become products with a high energy density, which do not have an optimal nutritional profile, and cause non-infectious diseases, including in childhood. In the structure of nutrition of a modern person, 1/3 of the daily energy consumption is «snacks on the run». As a rule, these are confectionery products with long shelf life, the main segment of which is cookies. In 75% of the sugar cookie samples tested, the content of added sugar and fat exceeds the established level of redundancy, 90% of the samples contain the average recommended level of table salt, the content of dietary fiber is in the range of 1,9-2,8 g /100 g of product, which indicates the need a quantitative decrease in critical substances and an increase in dietary fiber content due to the imbalance of this food group. The monitoring of recommendations for improving the nutritional composition of food products, analysis of the recipe composition of flour confectionery products of the group of cookies allows us to establish the main promising directions of its modification, the most important of which is to ensure that a sufficient amount of dietary fiber from whole grains is supplied to the recipe of cookies in accordance with the principles of healthy nutrition and the requirements of the existing legislation on specialized products for children over three years of age. The creation of improved confectionery products will strengthen and preserve the health of the younger generation.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR RESEARCH OF ORGANIC FOOD MARKET IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The goal of the research is to characterize the profile and study the behavior of consumers on the market of organic products based on the results of marketing research. It is important to identify marketing tools that will stimulate demand for organic products. Design/methodology/approach. Achieving these goals will contribute to the use of general and special research methods, such as: abstract-logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis and monograph, generalization - to formulate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study, conclusions and prospects for further research; sample observation with the use of specially designed questionnaires - to form a sample of research and identify key characteristics and motives of consumer behavior in the market of organic products; analysis of time series, averages and relative values - to analyze the state and dynamics of the market of organic products; tabular and graphical - to visualize the results of the study. Findings. As a result of the study, the differences between the concepts of "environmentally eco products", "environmentally friendly products" and "organic products" were established, and the use of the latter term was substantiated. An analysis of the state and dynamics of the market of organic products was conducted to assess the prospects for its development and regulation. Problems of its formation in Ukraine are revealed, a group of marketing threats is singled out. The key characteristics of the consumer of organic products are studied and generalized portrait is given. According to the results of sample observation, the key motives for the behavior of existing and potential consumers of organic food market were identified. Marketing tools are offered to solve current problems of formation of the organic food market and to stimulate consumer demand. Practical implications. The market for organic products is actively developing around the world. Consumers are interested in a healthy lifestyle, care about their health and the environment, so choose food wisely. Therefore, organic products are interesting to consumers, who prefer expensive products if they are confident in its quality. Due to this, the market of organic products is being formed in Ukraine. Therefore, clarifying such issues as determining the theoretical basis, studying the prospects of the organic market, the portrait of the consumer and the motives of the behavior will help to intensify this process. Originality/value. Considering the global trends and possibilities of organic food market in Ukraine, the results of marketing research on the behavior of existing and potential consumers are very important and relevant to intensify this process. The expediency of application of the term "organic products" for formation theoretical and methodological preconditions of formation the organic food market in Ukraine is substantiated in the work; identified prospects and key threats to its development, and suggested directions to eliminate them; the portrait of the consumer of organic products is characterized and motives of its behavior are defined, offers concerning stimulation of this kind of demand are given.