The time-domain reflectometry technique was compared with the temperature measurement method for locating the frozen–unfrozen interface in water and sandy soils. This technique depends on the high-frequency (1–1000 MHz) electrical properties of water that change significantly and abruptly between the liquid and solid phases. Parallel wire transmission lines were inserted into the soil to guide electromagnetic pulses produced by a time-domain reflectometer (TDR). The frozen–unfrozen interface produced reflections measured by the TDR which were in turn used to locate the interface as it moved along the transmission line. In the laboratory it was possible to locate the interface using the TDR to within ±0.5 cm and in the field to within ±2.4 cm. These errors were equal to those associated with the temperature measurements. Keywords: soil freezing, temperature measurements, dielectric constant, time-domain reflectometry.
An assessment on the accuracy of time-domain reflectometry for measuring the characteristic impedance of transmission lines
