A Novel CNet-assisted Evolutionary Level Repairer and Its Applications to Super Mario Bros

The name Pseudoditrichum mirabile Steere et Iwatsuki is proposed for a minute moss with leafy stem 1-3 mm high and seta 6 mm long; it was collected on calcareous silt near the Sloan River, Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, only a few miles south of the Arctic Circle. The gametophytic characters agree well with those of the Ditrichaceae, a relatively primitive family, but the peristome is clearly double, with the inner and outer teeth opposite, which thereby indicates a much more advanced phylogenetic position, perhaps at the evolutionary level of the Funariaceae. As the combination of gametophytic and sporophytic characteristics exhibited by this moss does not occur in any existing family of mosses, it is therefore deemed necessary to create the new family Pseudoditrichaceae for the new genus and species described here.

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Schizophrenia as a process of mental dissolution

Current Problems of Psychiatry ◽

10.2478/cpp-2018-0012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 147-154

Author(s):

Aneta Perzyńska-Starkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Mental Disease ◽

Frontal Lobes ◽

Mental Activity ◽

Etiological Factor ◽

Ontogenetic Development ◽

Impaired Consciousness ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Evolutionary Level

Abstract In creating his Psychophysiological Theory, Jan Mazurkiewicz transplanted John Hughlings Jackson’s method into the field of psychiatry. Like his precursor, he distinguished four evolutionary levels, but this time with regard to mental activity. According to Mazurkiewicz’s approach, disease is the reverse of evolution. Doing damage to the highest evolutionary level, it allows evolutionarily lower levels to take control of the patient’s psyche. Distorted by the etiological factor, the lower mental levels manifest as mental disease. In his Psychophysiological Theory, Mazurkiewicz distinguishes three types of dissolution: intra-level dissolution (psychoneuroses), slow dissolution or dissociation proper (schizophrenia), and rapid, delirium-like dissolution (impaired consciousness). Kaczyński noted that, based on an in-depth analysis of the phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of the successive evolutionary levels of the nervous system, Mazurkiewicz transposed the principles of the Jacksonian concept of hierarchical evolution – dissolution. Within a dozen or so years from birth to maturity, the process of evolution of mankind is recapitulated, with the speed of lightning, in an individual – from instincts, which are phylogenetically the oldest, to the highest functions of the frontal lobes. The present paper makes mention of research conducted at Lublin’s Department of Psychiatry which expands on Mazurkiewicz’s theory.

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Scale-Free Evolutionary Level Generation

2018 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG) ◽

10.1109/cig.2018.8490366 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andre Siqueira Ruela ◽

Karina Valdivia Delgado

Keyword(s):

Scale Free ◽

Evolutionary Level

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A survey of stomatal movements and associated potassium fluxes in the plant kingdom

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b73-006 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

C. M. Willmer ◽

J. E. Pallas Jr.

Keyword(s):

Epidermal Cells ◽

Evolutionary Development ◽

Grass Species ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Evolutionary Level ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Histochemical Tests ◽

Subsidiary Cells ◽

Stomatal Movements ◽

Storage Cells

Histochemical tests for K+ were carried out on the epidermis of aerial organs from plants which varied in evolutionary development (e.g., clubmosses, ferns, angiosperms) and general morphology (e.g., monocotyledons, succulent dicotyledons, woody dicotyledons). These tests made on epidermal tissue with open or closed stomata suggested that K+ transport is implicated in stomatal movements regardless of the evolutionary level and the stomatal location in the plants investigated. In all species that displayed substantial stomatal opening, K+ was detectable in the guard cells. With small stomatal apertures, K+ was located in guard and subsidiary cells of Commelina communis L. leaves and Glycine max. L. cotyledons. When stomata were closed, K+ was detectable in the subsidiary cells of all the grass species, Kalanchoë pinnata Pers., C. communis, and, occasionally, in the epidermal cells surrounding the stomata of some ferns. A condition was also observed when virtually no K+ was detectable in the guard or subsidiary cells of C. communis leaves or G. max cotyledons. Commonly, when stomata were closed, K+ was not detectable in any cells of the epidermis. Exceptions were the "K+ storage cells," trichomes and epidermal cells of Arachis hypogaea L., and in the more primitive plants from and including the level of the ferns.

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Finding the weakest link: mechanical sensitivity in a fish cranial linkage system

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.181003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 181003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Baumgart ◽

P. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Morphological Evolution ◽

Structural Features ◽

Mechanical Sensitivity ◽

Weakest Link ◽

Lower Jaw ◽

Single Link ◽

Evolutionary Level ◽

Variable Influence ◽

Physical Mechanics ◽

Insight Into

Understanding the physical mechanics behind morphological systems can offer insights into their evolution. Recent work on linkage systems in fish and crustaceans has suggested that the evolution of such systems may depend on mechanical sensitivity, where geometrical changes to different parts of a biomechanical system have variable influence on mechanical outputs. While examined at the evolutionary level, no study has directly explored this idea at the level of the mechanism. We analyse the mechanical sensitivity of a fish cranial linkage to identify the influence of linkage geometry on the kinematic transmission (KT) of the suspensorium, hyoid and lower jaw. Specifically, we answer two questions about the sensitivity of this linkage system: (i) What changes in linkage geometry affect one KT while keeping the other KTs constant? (ii) Which geometry changes result in the largest and smallest changes to KT? Our results show that there are ways to alter the morphology that change each KT individually, and that there are multiple ways to alter a single link that have variable influence on KT. These results provide insight into the morphological evolution of the fish skull and highlight which structural features in the system may have more freedom to evolve than others.

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Partner choice, fairness, and the extension of morality

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x12000672 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 102-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nicolas Baumard ◽

Jean-Baptiste André ◽

Dan Sperber

Keyword(s):

Final Section ◽

Partner Choice ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Evolution Of Morality ◽

Evolutionary Level

AbstractOur discussion of the commentaries begins, at the evolutionary level, with issues raised by our account of the evolution of morality in terms of partner-choice mutualism. We then turn to the cognitive level and the characterization and workings of fairness. In a final section, we discuss the degree to which our fairness-based approach to morality extends to norms that are commonly considered moral even though they are distinct from fairness.

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Benefits of fidelity: does host specialization impact nematode parasite life history and fecundity?

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182012002132 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 140 (5) ◽

pp. 587-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. KOPRIVNIKAR ◽

H. S. RANDHAWA

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Host Specificity ◽

Egg Size ◽

Host Specialization ◽

Published Data ◽

Female Size ◽

Patent Period ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Evolutionary Level ◽

Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe range of hosts used by a parasite is influenced by macro-evolutionary processes (host switching, host–parasite co-evolution), as well as ‘encounter filters’ and ‘compatibility filters’ at the micro-evolutionary level driven by host/parasite ecology and physiology. Host specialization is hypothesized to result in trade-offs with aspects of parasite life history (e.g. reproductive output), but these have not been well studied. We used previously published data to create models examining general relationships among host specificity and important aspects of life history and reproduction for nematodes parasitizing animals. Our results indicate no general trade-off between host specificity and the average pre-patent period (time to first reproduction), female size, egg size, or fecundity of these nematodes. However, female size was positively related to egg size, fecundity, and pre-patent period. Host compatibility may thus not be the primary determinant of specificity in these parasitic nematodes if there are few apparent trade-offs with reproduction, but rather, the encounter opportunities for new host species at the micro-evolutionary level, and other processes at the macro-evolutionary level (i.e. phylogeny). Because host specificity is recognized as a key factor determining the spread of parasitic diseases understanding factors limiting host use are essential to predict future changes in parasite range and occurrence.

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