A survey of stomatal movements and associated potassium fluxes in the plant kingdom

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Willmer ◽  
J. E. Pallas Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Evolutionary Level ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Stomatal Movements ◽  
Storage Cells

Histochemical tests for K+ were carried out on the epidermis of aerial organs from plants which varied in evolutionary development (e.g., clubmosses, ferns, angiosperms) and general morphology (e.g., monocotyledons, succulent dicotyledons, woody dicotyledons). These tests made on epidermal tissue with open or closed stomata suggested that K+ transport is implicated in stomatal movements regardless of the evolutionary level and the stomatal location in the plants investigated. In all species that displayed substantial stomatal opening, K+ was detectable in the guard cells. With small stomatal apertures, K+ was located in guard and subsidiary cells of Commelina communis L. leaves and Glycine max. L. cotyledons. When stomata were closed, K+ was detectable in the subsidiary cells of all the grass species, Kalanchoë pinnata Pers., C. communis, and, occasionally, in the epidermal cells surrounding the stomata of some ferns. A condition was also observed when virtually no K+ was detectable in the guard or subsidiary cells of C. communis leaves or G. max cotyledons. Commonly, when stomata were closed, K+ was not detectable in any cells of the epidermis. Exceptions were the "K+ storage cells," trichomes and epidermal cells of Arachis hypogaea L., and in the more primitive plants from and including the level of the ferns.

Penetration and growth of compatible and incompatible races of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae in soybean hypocotyl tissues differing in age

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (24) ◽  
pp. 2594-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Stössel ◽  
G. Lazarovits ◽  
E. W. B. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Incompatible Reaction ◽  
Race 4 ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

Intact 6-day old soybean hypocotyls (Glycine max L., cv. Altona) were inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae Hildeb. either at the top (susceptible to compatible races, resistant to incompatible races) or the bottom (resistant to both compatible and incompatible races) and, after a 22-h incubation, were examined by light microscopy. Penetration at the top and bottom by both compatible (race 6) and incompatible (race 4) P. megasperma var. sojae was predominantly between anticlinal walls of epidermal cells. Both races, but especially race 4, also penetrated directly into the outer walls of epidermal cells, but epidermal cells rarely were invaded. Both races grew mainly intercellularly, but race 6 produced haustoria more frequently than race 4. Race 6 haustoria at the top of the hypocotyl were usually encased, those of race 4 were not. Growth of both races was equally dense in the first few cell layers, but the numbers of race 4 hyphae decreased rapidly while those of race 6 became more abundant in the deeper layers. With race 4, but not with race 6, most cells in the infected tissue were necrotic. Differences between the compatible and the incompatible interactions were not absolute; there were many unsuccessful invasion attempts by race 6 and individual hyphae of race 4 spread deeply into the tissue. At the bottom of the hypocotyl, growth of both races was more restricted. Race 6 produced fewer haustoria than at the top, and similarities to the incompatible reaction with race 4 at the top suggest that similar mechanisms of resistance may be involved.

Stomatal ontogeny of the vegetative and floral organs of some Papilionaceae

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Shah ◽  
BV Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Stomatal Ontogeny

The structure and development of stomata on the vegetative and floral organs of Vigna unguiculata Walp., and the vegetative organs of Phaseolus radiatus L. and P. aconitifolius Jacq. are described. Paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata are present on the same surface of different organs of the plants investigated except on the stem and petiole of V. unguiculata, the bract of P. radiatus, and the petiole, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius where the last type is absent. Stomata with only one subsidiary cell are found on the leaf, petiole, sepal, and petal of V. unguiculata. Diacytic stomata occur on the stipel of P. radiatus and the stem, stipule, and stipel of P. aconitifolius. Paracytic stomata are by far the commonest on each organ. The frequency of different types of stomata on different organs in the plants investigated is tabulated. The ontogeny of different kinds of stomata on each organ is mesogenous, but the perigenous type may be found on the petal and pericarp of V. unguiculata and the stipule of P. radiatus. The variation in stomata is due to: (a) a diversity in stomatal types even on the same surface, and (b) an increase in the number of subsidiary cells. The subsidiary cells divide, or additional subsidiary cells are derived from adjacent epidermal cells. The present study also supports the inclusion of the species concerned in the tribe Phaseolae.

Fossil flowers and leaves of the Ebenaceae from the Eocene of southern Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1825-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Basinger ◽  
David C. Christophel
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Fossil Flowers ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Clay Lenses ◽  
Coal Measures

Numerous flowers and a diverse assemblage of leaves are mummified in clay lenses in the base of the Demons Bluff Formation overlying the Eastern View Coal Measures. Fossil localities occur in the Alcoa of Australia open cut near Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. Flowers are tubular, less than 10 mm long, and about 5 mm wide. Four sepals are connate forming a cup-shaped calyx. Four petals are fused in their basal third and alternate with sepals. Flowers are all unisexual and staminate. Stamens are epipetalous and consistently 16 in number, arranged in 8 radial pairs. Pollen is subprolate, tricolporate, and about 32 μm in diameter. The exine is smooth to slightly scabrate. A rudimentary ovary occurs in some flowers. Sepals usually have a somewhat textureless abaxial cuticle with actinocytic stomata. Some sepals, however, have frill-like cuticular thickenings over some abaxial epidermal cells and some subsidiary cells with pronounced papillae overarching guard cells. One of the more common leaf types found associated with the flowers is characterized by the same peculiar cuticular thickenings and overarching papillae on subsidiary cells that occur on sepals. This cuticular similarity indicates that flowers and leaves represent a single taxon. Leaves are highly variable in size and shape but are consistently entire margined, with pinnate, brochidodromous venation. The suite of features characterizing the flowers is unique to the Ebenaceae. Flowers of many extant species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) closely resemble the fossil flowers. Fossil leaves, too, are typical of leaves of extant Diospyros. Both flowers and leaves are considered conspecific and have been assigned the name Austrodiospyros cryptostoma gen. et sp. nov. The Anglesea fossils represent one of the earliest well-documented occurrences of the Ebenaceae and are the earliest known remains of Ebenaceae from Australia. They support the hypothesis of a Gondwanan origin for the family with late Tertiary diversification in the Malesian region.

scholarly journals Avaliação de RPAs para pulverização em diferentes culturas

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
J. M. de A. Andrade ◽  
R. D. Pretto ◽  
E. Carvalho ◽  
D. Bolonhezi ◽  
R. J. Scarpellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Glycine Max L

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar e validar a aplicação de defensivos através de RPAs (Aeronave Remotamente Pilotadas), comumente denominadas de Drones. O experimento foi realizado na APTA Centro Leste no município do Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foi utilizado a: solução de herbicida glifosate 1.5 kg ha-1 (Roundup WG®) utilizando 15 L ha-1 de volume de calda. O RPA que sobrevoou a área de estudo em três diferentes altitudes, juntamente com três diferentes modelos de bicos pulverizadores em uma faixa compreendida de 50 m x 5 m, sendo que nessas faixas foram distribuídos papéis sensíveis à água, para verificar o tamanho, quantidade e distribuição de gotas que caíram sobre as plantas. Uma vez contabilizadas as informações, esperou-se que fosse possível criar diferentes modelos de aplicações, levando a uma maior eficiência e eficácia das aplicações. Além disso, evitar desperdício de defensivo, contribuindo para diminuição dos impactos ambientais e aumento da segurança no campo (menor risco de intoxicações). Os resultados permitiram identificar vantagens competitivas, com destaque para a praticidade e rapidez, além de permitir controle localizado de plantas daninhas, sem a necessidade de uso de tratores, o qual aumenta compactação do solo e requer maior investimento em equipamentos. A partir destes resultados, serão estabelecidos protocolos de utilização para diversas culturas agrícolas, tais como: Amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.), Cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), Soja (Glycine max L.), Milho (Zea mays).

scholarly journals Micromorphology of glandular structures in Echium vulgare L. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Mirosława Chwil
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Small Column ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Cuticular Ornamentation ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Glandular Structures

The micromorphology of selected elements of <i>Echium vulgare</i> L. flowers was investigated, with special attention to the structure of the nectaries and the stigma of the pistil as well as types of trichomes occurring on the surface of the calyx. The nectary had the shape of an uneven disc located around the lower region of the four-parted ovary of the pistil. The glandular cells formed a tier with a height of 330 μm and a radial width of 144 μm. Nectar was secreted onto the nectary surface through anomocytic stomata located at the level of other epidermal cells. Most of the stomata were open, with a different dimension of the pore. Their largest number was observed at the base of the nectary, and 462 stomata were noted on the whole surface of the nectary. The cuticle on the surface of the guard cells formed fine, circular striae. The subsidiary cells formed striated cuticular ornamentation, with the striae arranged radially in the direction of the stoma, whereas on the surface of other epidermal cells the striae formed an arrangement with different directions. The epidermis on the surface of the stigma formed regularly arranged papillae with a fan-shaped, expanded upper part which had corrugated outer walls, whereas the base of the cell formed a widened small column. The epidermis of the abaxial part of the calyx was covered by numerous non-glandular trichomes of different length which were made up of one or several cells. The glandular trichomes in the epidermis of the calyx grew with smaller density compared to the protective trichomes, and they were composed of a 1-2-celled stalk and a glandular head.

Micromorphological Study of Shrubs from Roadsides in Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Sushila Devi Shrestha ◽  
Pramod Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Subsidiary Cells

Urban air pollution is an environmental concern, particularly in developing countries and in their cities. The present study was mainly aimed to study the effect of air pollution on the micromorphological characteristics of the leaf of Euphorbia pulcherrima and Jasminum mesnyi from heavily polluted and less polluted areas of Kathmandu district. Different methods used to analyze the leaf structure (epidermal cells, stomatal frequency, and stomatal size). The stomatal study and observation from the leaf surface were completed under the compound microscope. Based on study results, in E. pulcherrima, the epidermal cells, stomatal pores, and the subsidiary cells were prominent in the anatomical structure of the leaf. In the winter season, the values were comparatively high for all different structures at less polluted sites. The values were comparatively equal for the stomatal index. The number of stomata, clogged stomata, subsidiary cells, epidermal cells, and the stomatal index was comparatively high. In J. mesnyi, the epidermal cells, stomata, were clear and many numbers in epidermal cells. The values were more in the less and moderately polluted sites both in spring and in the winter season. The number of stomata and stomatal index was high at less polluted sites and in the winter season. Within the two seasons, winter and in pre-monsoon, the values of stomatal size were comparatively high in the less polluted site. It was concluded that these two study plant species were categorized as good for plantation because their leaf micromorphological structure from air polluted areas have given suitable results.

Development of the Stomatal Complexes During Ontogeny in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Carr ◽  
SGM Carr
Keyword(s):  
Mother Cell ◽  
Subsidiary Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Simple Pattern ◽  
Sister Cell ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Guard Mother Cell ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Seedling Leaf

The mode of stomatal development is studied in cotyledons, seedling and adult leaves of species of eucalypts and three species of Angophora. In the cotyledons of all species examined the early stomatal initials are unilabrate or dolabrate. The stomatal initials in seedling leaves of species of the Corymbosae and Clavigerae are anisocytic. In the 4th seedling leaf in species of a group we have previously called Monocalyptus the stomatal initials are also anisocytic. All other eucalypts retain the early cotyledonary mode of origin of stomata throughout life. These two modes of origin, whether anisocytic or by unilabrate and dolabrate initials, are set in all eucalypts from the 4th seedling leaf onward. Secondary characteristics of the adult stomata, e.g. number of subsidiary cells, are more complex than those of the seedling leaves; rarely, the relatively simple pattern of the seedling leaves may persist in the adult leaves of a given species. In species in which the initials in adult leaves are unilabrate or dolabrate, groups of stomata may share one or more subsidiary cells or be juxtaposed without an intervening subsidiary cell. The sister cell(s) of the guard mother cell may precociously develop a thicker cuticle than ordinary epidermal cells, and this may be apparent at maturity. The abaxial stomata of the cotyledons (but not of seedling or adult leaves) are regularly aligned parallel to the main venation. The existence of three main types of origin of stomata characteristic of three large non-interbreeding groups of eucalypts is of interest in the taxonomy of the genus.

A FAMILIAL METABOLIC DISORDER WITH STORAGE OF AN UNUSUAL POLYSACCHARIDE COMPLEX

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
John M. Craig ◽  
L. Lahut Uzman
Keyword(s):  
Storage Disease ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Storage Cells ◽  
Glycogen Stores

A metabolic disease, characterized by the accumulation of a mixture of complex polysaccharides in liver, spleen, lung, kidney and reticuloendothelial system, is described in three patients. Its familial nature is indicated by the fact that two of the cases were siblings. The salient clinical features included hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, failure in physical development and susceptibility to respiratory infection. The disease simulates glycogen storage disease in the response in the epinephrine tolerance test, and in an inability to call on glycogen stores. Histochemical tests on the tissue containing the storage cells indicated that the material was not glycogen, even though polysaccharide in nature. The storage material was isolated from the liver of one of the cases. This isolated material proved to be a complex consisting of two major moieties. The first appeared to possess a high molecular weight, was insoluble in organic solvents, and contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine and hexuronic acids as constituents. A small amount of peptides were associated with this fraction. The second major moiety of the storage material was soluble in ethanol and contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, fatty acids, hexuronic acids and neuraminic acid as main constituents (hence a lipopolysaccharide). Attention is drawn to the fact that the storage material would have been considered an "abnormal glycogen" if the customary procedures for the isolation of glycogen had been applied to the tissue. It is suggested that caution be exercised in future studies involving storage diseases where storage of an "abnormal glycogen" with an abnormality in side-chains is suspected.

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