Indirect Reciprocity in Policy-Based Helping Experiments

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian von der Weth ◽  
Klemens Böhm ◽  
Thorben Burghardt ◽  
Christian Hütter ◽  
Jing Zhi Yue
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Reciprocity

Children selectively favor leaders and prosocial agents in an economic exchange

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Margoni ◽  
Elena Nava ◽  
Luca Surian
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Child Friendly ◽  
Neutral Agent

Most cooperative interactions involve the expectation of mutual reciprocation and are based on interpersonal trust. Thus, understanding when and how humans acquire interpersonal trust can help unveiling the origins and development of children’s cooperative behavior. Here, we investigated whether prior socio-moral information about trading partners modulates the choice of preschool- (4-5 years) and school-age children (7-8 years) to share their own goods in a child-friendly version of the Trust Game. In this game, the trustee partner can repay the child’s initial investment or keep everything and betray the trustor. In two studies, we addressed whether trust is modulated by trustees exhibiting prosocial versus antisocial behaviors (Study 1, ‘helpers and hinderers’), or respect-based versus fear-based power (Study 2, ‘leaders and bullies’). Preschoolers trusted the leader more than the bully, and trusted the hinderer less than a neutral agent, but did not yet trust the helper more than the hinderer. The tendency to trust helpers more than hinderers increased with age as a result of the increased propensity to trust the prosocial agent. In Study 3, a group of preschoolers played the Dictator Game, a measure of pure generosity, with the same agents used for Study 1. Sharing rates were reliably lower than in Study 1, suggesting that the rates of investment in the trust game cannot be due solely to altruistic or indirect reciprocity motives. Overall, these findings indicate that, by age five, children understand complex cooperative exchanges and start relying on socio-moral information when deciding whom to trust.

scholarly journals Local stability of cooperation in a continuous model of indirect reciprocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghun Lee ◽  
Yohsuke Murase ◽  
Seung Ki Baek
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Perturbative Calculation ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Powerful Mechanism

AbstractReputation is a powerful mechanism to enforce cooperation among unrelated individuals through indirect reciprocity, but it suffers from disagreement originating from private assessment, noise, and incomplete information. In this work, we investigate stability of cooperation in the donation game by regarding each player’s reputation and behaviour as continuous variables. Through perturbative calculation, we derive a condition that a social norm should satisfy to give penalties to its close variants, provided that everyone initially cooperates with a good reputation, and this result is supported by numerical simulation. A crucial factor of the condition is whether a well-reputed player’s donation to an ill-reputed co-player is appreciated by other members of the society, and the condition can be reduced to a threshold for the benefit-cost ratio of cooperation which depends on the reputational sensitivity to a donor’s behaviour as well as on the behavioural sensitivity to a recipient’s reputation. Our continuum formulation suggests how indirect reciprocity can work beyond the dichotomy between good and bad even in the presence of inhomogeneity, noise, and incomplete information.

scholarly journals Dynamic modulation of social influence by indirect reciprocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Zonca ◽  
Anna Folsø ◽  
Alessandra Sciutti
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Dynamic Modulation ◽  
Human Partner ◽  
Good Reputation

AbstractIndirect reciprocity is a pervasive social norm that promotes human cooperation. Helping someone establishes a good reputation, increasing the probability of receiving help from others. Here we hypothesize that indirect reciprocity regulates not only cooperative behavior but also the exchange of opinions within a social group. In a novel interactive perceptual task (Experiment 1), we show that participants relied more on the judgments of an alleged human partner when a second alleged peer had been endorsing participants’ opinions. By doing so, participants did not take into account the reliability of their partners’ judgments and did not maximize behavioral accuracy and monetary reward. This effect declined when participants did not expect future interactions with their partners, suggesting the emergence of downstream mechanisms of reciprocity linked to the management of reputation. Importantly, all these effects disappeared when participants knew that the partners’ responses were computer-generated (Experiment 2). Our results suggest that, within a social group, individuals may weight others’ opinions through indirect reciprocity, highlighting the emergence of normative distortions in the process of information transmission among humans.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Structure of Altruism Characterized by Recipients in Relation to Personality

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Juko Ando ◽  
Tetsuya Kawamoto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Environmental Structure ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Genetic Factor

Background and Objectives: Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior with the goal of increasing the fitness of another individual as a recipient while reducing the fitness of the actor. Although there are many studies on its heterogeneity, only a few behavioral genetic studies have been conducted to examine different recipient types: family members favored by kin selection, the dynamic network of friends and acquaintances as direct reciprocity, and strangers as indirect reciprocity. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the genetic and environmental structure of altruism with reference to recipient types measured by the self-report altruism scale distinguished by the recipient (the SRAS-DR) and examine the relationship to personality dimensions measured by the NEO-FFI with a sample of 461 adult Japanese twin pairs. Results: The present study shows that there is a single common factor of altruism: additive genetic effects explain 51% of altruism without a shared environmental contribution. The genetic contribution of this single common factor is explained by the genetic factors of neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness to experience (O), and conscientiousness (C), as well as a common genetic factor specific to altruism. Only altruism toward strangers is affected by shared environmental factors. Conclusions: Different types of altruistic personality are constructed by specific combinational profiles of general personality traits such as the Big Five as well as a genetic factor specific to altruism in each specific way.

scholarly journals Evolution of direct and indirect reciprocity

2007 ◽  
Vol 275 (1631) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Reciprocity

scholarly journals Indirect Reciprocity Game Modelling for Cooperation Stimulation in Cognitive Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
K J R Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity

The conflict of social norms may cause the collapse of cooperation: Indirect reciprocity with opposing attitudes towards in-group favoritism

2014 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 34-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadasu Matsuo ◽  
Marko Jusup ◽  
Yoh Iwasa
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity

Transparency and Indirect Reciprocity in Social Responsibility: An Incentivized Experiment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Kraft ◽  
Leon Valdes ◽  
Yanchong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity
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