Dual-passband microwave photonic filter for fiber axial strain measurement

The StressProbe is a non-contacting electromagnetic tool that responds to material strain in ferromagnetic materials. Previous studies have concentrated on uni-axial strain measurements; in this study, we extend the scope of work by measuring bi-axial strains on a pipe specimen subject to internal pressure and to a displacement-controlled, axial tensile/compressive load. Specified pressure and load combinations were obtained, and measurements from the StressProbe were compared to those from tri-axial strain gauges installed on the pipe specimen. In this paper, we present the theory behind this measurement method and the results from this study. Also discussed are measurement applications both inside and outside the pipe specimen.

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Phantom experiments of axial strain measurements using multidimensional autocorrelation method, multidimensional Doppler method and direct strain measurement method

Acoustical Science and Technology ◽

10.1250/ast.30.117 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chikayoshi Sumi ◽

Tomonori Ebisawa

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Measurement Method ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Strain Measurements ◽

Doppler Method ◽

Autocorrelation Method ◽

Phantom Experiments

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Understanding Pipeline Strain Conditions: Case Studies Between ILI Axial and ILI Bending Measurement Techniques

Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity ◽

10.1115/ipc2018-78577 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jeremie J. Choquette ◽

Sylvain Cornu ◽

Mohamed ElSeify ◽

Raymond Karé

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Strain History ◽

Directional Drilling ◽

History Effects ◽

Bending Strain

In-Line inspection (ILI) tools consisting of combined sensor technologies provide a unique opportunity for operators to understand the conditions of pipelines. There is also an additional opportunity to contrast and validate individual sensing techniques against each other when their functionalities and purposes overlap. By using multi-technologies ILI measurements for strain, a pipeline operator can gain further insight into the pipeline strain behavior at any point along the length of the inspection. This paper establishes the relationship between ILI axial strain measurement tool data and conventional geometric strain data obtained from inertial measurement unit (IMU) based on data collected during in-service inspection of a 12″ liquid pipeline. Within any pipeline section, the tool configuration with circumferentially spaced strain sensors allows the use of appropriate analysis techniques to decompose the longitudinal strain into its primary components (axial, bending and out of roundness). The axial strain measurement tool sensing system provides an indirect measurement of bending strain that can be compared to the geometric measurement of bending strain determined from the pipeline trajectory as determined from the IMU analysis. Flexural bending strain resulting from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is investigated in this paper. Convergences and divergences between the measurement techniques are presented. Data available from different strain technologies mounted on ILI tools offers an opportunity to conduct a comparative study and to provide a better understanding of a pipeline’s strain condition. This paper will present the framework for understanding the different strain measurement technologies and an investigation into the pipeline prior strain history (effects from fabrication, hydrostatic testing and external loads) and their corresponding impact on the material state at the time of inspection.

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Axial Strain Measurement Based on Dual-Wavelength Ratio for Helical Long-Period Grating

IEEE Sensors Letters ◽

10.1109/lsens.2020.3035519 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Yunfeng Bai ◽

Zelong He ◽

Jiyuan Bai ◽

Suihu Dang

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Dual Wavelength ◽

Long Period Grating ◽

Long Period

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Remote Strain Measurement by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Dispersed Resin

ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/interpack2009-89146 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Katsuya Osaki ◽

Hideki Fuji ◽

Masato Onishi ◽

Ken Suzuki ◽

Hideo Miura

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Tensile Strain ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Compressive Strain ◽

Electronic Conductivity ◽

Applied Strain ◽

Dynamic Strain ◽

Electric Resistance ◽

Resistance Change ◽

Base Materials

A new remote strain measurement method has been developed by applying the highly sensitive change of electronic conductivity of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were dispersed in various kinds of resins to form a thin film which can be attached rounded surfaces. The length of the CNTs was about a few μm. One of the base materials of resin employed was polycarbonate and the volumetric concentration of CNT dispersed was about 11.5%. The thickness of the film was about 500 μm. An uni-axial strain was applied to the CNT-dispersed resin by applying a 4 point bending method, and the change of the electric resistance was measured. The range of the applied strain was from −0.025% to 0.025%. The electric resistance changed almost linearly with the applied strain. The ratio of the resistance change under the tensile strain was about 40%/1000-μstrain and that under the compressive strain was about 15%/1000-μstrain. The micro wave of 99.5 GHz was irradiated to the CNT-dispersed polycarbonate film through the metallic prove 1 mm in diameter. The change of the intensity of the beam reflected from the film was measured by changing the amplitude of the uni-axial in-plane strain applied to the film. The intensity of the reflected beam increased almost linearly with the increase of the applied tensile strain and the change rate of the intensity was about 0.5%/1000-μstrain. This result clearly indicated that the surface dynamic strain can be detected by micro wave nondestructively and remotely.

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In Line Inspection of Geotechnical Hazards

Volume 2: Pipeline Integrity Management ◽

10.1115/ipc2014-33245 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Westwood ◽

Dan Jungwirth ◽

Randy Nickle ◽

Doug Dewar ◽

Michael Martens

Keyword(s):

Technology Implementation ◽

Strain Measurement ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Steel Structure ◽

Total Strain ◽

Electromagnetic Properties ◽

Strain Gauges ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Survey Tool

Four North American pipeline operators and a pipeline inspection company have been working together on a research project assessing the feasibility of using an electromagnetic non-contacting strain measurement tool capable of being deployed during ILI inspection to measure axial strain in pipelines. The axial strain sensor is the TSC StressProbe. It is an electromagnetic technique which makes use of the fact that when a steel structure is loaded, its electromagnetic properties change. Monitoring the changes in magnetic properties allows one to measure changes in strain. The use of in-line inspection high resolution inertial survey tool data in the determination of bending strain in operating pipelines is well developed and understood. The missing component in determining the total strain in the pipeline is to understand the component of axial strain that the pipeline is experiencing without the need to expose the pipeline for the installation of surficial pipe monitoring (primarily strain gauges) or destructive testing (such as cut-outs). Many current methods of stress/strain measurement including the installation of strain gauges only allows for the determination of change in strain going forward from the date of install; whereas, the StressProbe responds to total strain at the time of inspection. This paper will present the technology implementation, inspection feasibility and discuss preliminary results from case studies in determining the ability of the in-line inspection axial strain measurement to correlate with known changes in strain in pipelines being influenced by ground movements.

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