In Line Inspection of Geotechnical Hazards

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Westwood ◽  
Dan Jungwirth ◽  
Randy Nickle ◽  
Doug Dewar ◽  
Michael Martens
Keyword(s):  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Total Strain ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Survey Tool

Four North American pipeline operators and a pipeline inspection company have been working together on a research project assessing the feasibility of using an electromagnetic non-contacting strain measurement tool capable of being deployed during ILI inspection to measure axial strain in pipelines. The axial strain sensor is the TSC StressProbe. It is an electromagnetic technique which makes use of the fact that when a steel structure is loaded, its electromagnetic properties change. Monitoring the changes in magnetic properties allows one to measure changes in strain. The use of in-line inspection high resolution inertial survey tool data in the determination of bending strain in operating pipelines is well developed and understood. The missing component in determining the total strain in the pipeline is to understand the component of axial strain that the pipeline is experiencing without the need to expose the pipeline for the installation of surficial pipe monitoring (primarily strain gauges) or destructive testing (such as cut-outs). Many current methods of stress/strain measurement including the installation of strain gauges only allows for the determination of change in strain going forward from the date of install; whereas, the StressProbe responds to total strain at the time of inspection. This paper will present the technology implementation, inspection feasibility and discuss preliminary results from case studies in determining the ability of the in-line inspection axial strain measurement to correlate with known changes in strain in pipelines being influenced by ground movements.

Non-Contacting Bi-Axial Strain Measurement Method on Steel Pipeline

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Westwood ◽  
Michael Martens ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
David Topp ◽  
Raymond Kare´ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Ferromagnetic Materials ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Steel Pipeline ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Axial Tensile

The StressProbe is a non-contacting electromagnetic tool that responds to material strain in ferromagnetic materials. Previous studies have concentrated on uni-axial strain measurements; in this study, we extend the scope of work by measuring bi-axial strains on a pipe specimen subject to internal pressure and to a displacement-controlled, axial tensile/compressive load. Specified pressure and load combinations were obtained, and measurements from the StressProbe were compared to those from tri-axial strain gauges installed on the pipe specimen. In this paper, we present the theory behind this measurement method and the results from this study. Also discussed are measurement applications both inside and outside the pipe specimen.

Understanding Pipeline Strain Conditions: Case Studies Between ILI Axial and ILI Bending Measurement Techniques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremie J. Choquette ◽  
Sylvain Cornu ◽  
Mohamed ElSeify ◽  
Raymond Karé
Keyword(s):  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
History Effects ◽  
Bending Strain

In-Line inspection (ILI) tools consisting of combined sensor technologies provide a unique opportunity for operators to understand the conditions of pipelines. There is also an additional opportunity to contrast and validate individual sensing techniques against each other when their functionalities and purposes overlap. By using multi-technologies ILI measurements for strain, a pipeline operator can gain further insight into the pipeline strain behavior at any point along the length of the inspection. This paper establishes the relationship between ILI axial strain measurement tool data and conventional geometric strain data obtained from inertial measurement unit (IMU) based on data collected during in-service inspection of a 12″ liquid pipeline. Within any pipeline section, the tool configuration with circumferentially spaced strain sensors allows the use of appropriate analysis techniques to decompose the longitudinal strain into its primary components (axial, bending and out of roundness). The axial strain measurement tool sensing system provides an indirect measurement of bending strain that can be compared to the geometric measurement of bending strain determined from the pipeline trajectory as determined from the IMU analysis. Flexural bending strain resulting from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is investigated in this paper. Convergences and divergences between the measurement techniques are presented. Data available from different strain technologies mounted on ILI tools offers an opportunity to conduct a comparative study and to provide a better understanding of a pipeline’s strain condition. This paper will present the framework for understanding the different strain measurement technologies and an investigation into the pipeline prior strain history (effects from fabrication, hydrostatic testing and external loads) and their corresponding impact on the material state at the time of inspection.

scholarly journals Comparison of Resistive and Optical Strain Measurement for Early Fracture Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
Alina Carabello ◽  
Constanze Neupetsch ◽  
Michael Werner ◽  
Christian Rotsch ◽  
Welf-Guntram Drossel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Training ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Bone Surface ◽  
Fracture Detection ◽  
Local Strains

AbstractTo increase learning success in surgical training, physical simulators are supplemented by measurement technology to generate and record objective feedback and error detection. An opportunity to detect fractures following hip stem implantation early can be measurement of occurring strains on bone surface. These strains can be determined while using strain gauges, digital image correlation (DIC) or photoelasticity. In this research strain gauges and DIC were compared regarding their suitability as strain measurement tools for use in physical simulators. Therefore a testing method was described to replicate the implantation of a hip stem. Testing devices modelled on a realistic prosthesis were pressed into prepared porcine femora in a two-step procedure with a material testing machine. The local strains occurring on bone surface were determined using an optical measurement system for DIC and strain gauges. The initial fractures in the tested femora are located medial-anterior in most cases (73,6%). With increasing indentation depth of the test device, the strains on bone surface increase. Comparing the local strains determined by DIC and strain gauges consistencies in curves are noticeable. Maximal determined strains before fracturing amount to 0,69% with strain gauges and 0,75% with DIC. In the range of the fracture gap, strain gradients are determined by using DIC. However the detected surfaces are of low quality caused by gaps and motion artefacts. The results show strains on bone surfaces for early fracture detection are measurable with strain gauges and DIC. DIC is assessed as less suitable compared to strain gauges. Furthermore strain gauges have greater level of integration and economic efficiency, so they are preferred the use in surgical training simulators.

Optical strain measurements on fast moving fiber reinforced polymer rotors using diffraction gratings

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Julian Lich ◽  
Tino Wollmann ◽  
Angelos Filippatos ◽  
Maik Gude ◽  
Robert Kuschmierz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Body Movements

AbstractIn-situ measurements of the deformation and of the structural dynamical behavior of moving composite structures, such as rotors made of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), are necessary in order to validate newly developed simulation models. Local methods like strain gauges and fiber Bragg gratings lack spatial resolution, while contactless optical methods like image correlation or speckle interferometry suffer from noise effects in the presence of fast rigid body movements. A novel compact sensor – based on the diffraction grating method – is introduced for spatially and temporally resolved strain measurement. The use of a line camera allows the measurement of vibrations up to several tens of kHz. With a scanning movement, strain fields at submillimeter resolution can be recorded. The use of two diffraction orders and an objective lens reduces cross sensitivities to rigid body movements on the strain measurement by two to three orders of magnitude. A validation on a GFRP probe was conducted in a quasi-static tensile test with an optical extensometer up to 14500 µϵ. Furthermore, a strain measurement on a moving rotor at surface speeds up to 75 m/s was performed and the results were compared with those of strain gauges as a gold standard. The statistical standard deviation was around 10 µϵ and independent of the rotational speed.

Development of a Quick and Easy-to-Install Strain Measurement Tool for Both Bending and Torsional Piping Stress Assessment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsunemichi Takahama ◽  
Kazuma Nishimura ◽  
Seiichiro Ninomiya ◽  
Yoshihiro Matsumoto ◽  
Yutaka Harada
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Stress Assessment ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Longitudinal Strains

To assess the stresses on small-bore piping, we have developed a new tool that can be easily installed on a piping surface without adhesive bonding and that measures strains on piping quickly and accurately. This tool, which we call a “strain gauge holder,” is patented in Japan. As the tool can contain four strain gauge rosettes, with each rosette comprising three elements, the longitudinal strains and sheer strains can be measured synchronously at any four points precisely 90 degrees apart, with one point in each quadrant. By mockup testing, we confirmed that the measured bending and torsional strains by the holder were almost equivalent to the measured strains by the bonded gauges with adhesive, and that the holder made it possible to synchronously measure all of the strains resulting from the moment of force acting in three axes on the piping by measuring the bending and torsional strains in each quadrant. The strain gauge holder is expected to significantly reduce the pre- and post-working time required for strain measurement and stress assessment of piping in real plants.

DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING RESIDUAL STRESSES (review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
A.D. Monakhov ◽  
◽  
N.O. Yakovlev ◽  
V.V. Avtaev ◽  
E.A. Kotova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Speckle Interferometry ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Deep Hole ◽  
Destructive Methods

The paper presents an overview of methods for determining residual stresses. Methods such as splitting and segmentation, layer-by-layer removal, slitting (cutting, pliability), profiling, drilling holes (including a «deep» hole) are considered. The description of the methods for mea-suring the deformation used in the determination of residual stresses is given. The most common contact method using strain gauges, as well as non-contact methods: polarization-optical (photo-elasticity), optical speckle interferometry, digital image correlation.

Strain measurement of steel structure using a novel FBG sensor packaged by titanium alloy slice

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Yu ◽  
Youlong Yu ◽  
Yanbiao Liao ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Shurong Lai
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Fbg Sensor

scholarly journals Implementasi Teknologi Pengendalian Hayati Hama Kelapa Thosea monoloncha Meyrick dengan Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) [Biological Control Technology Implementation on Coconut Pest Thosea monoloncha Meyrick Using Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)]

Buletin Palma ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Fredy Lala ◽  
Andriko Noto Susanto ◽  
Meldy L.A Hosang ◽  
Deciyanto S
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

<p>The nettle caterpillars pest <em>Thosea monoloncha</em> (Limacodidae: Lepidoptera) has attacked the coconut plant in Tolonuo Island, North Halmahera district, North Maluku Province with the intensity of attacked varied from light  minor damage to severe damage. This research purpose is to control the population of nettle caterpillars <em>T. monoloncha </em>and the response of farmers to technology using <em>Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus</em> (NPV). The study was conducted from December 2014 to November 2015. The stages of this study are consisted of (a) observation of pest population T. monoloncha, (b) determination of plant damage intensity and (c) farmerd response to control technology. The results showed that the application of NPV extract can decrease the population of coconut pest T. monoloncha, the intensity of the damage decrease from severe, heavy and moderate to light damage. In additon, it also increase the amount of frond and coconut production from 14 to 45 nuts per tree. Farmers' response to various aspects of technology varied from 63.5-97.5%.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p align="center">Hama ulat api <em>Thosea monoloncha </em>(Limacodidae: Lepidoptera) telah menyerang tanaman kelapa di Pulau Tolonuo, Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Provinsi Maluku Utara dengan intensitas kerusakan bervariasi dari ringan sampai sangat berat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengendalikan populasi hama ulat api <em>T. monoloncha </em>dan respon petani terhadap teknologi pemanfaatan <em>Nucleo Polyhedrosis Virus</em> (NPV).<strong> </strong>Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2014 sampai November 2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ekstrak NPV dapat menurunkan populasi hama kelapa <em>T. monoloncha</em><em>,</em> menurunkan intesitas kerusakan dari kerusakan sangat berat, berat dan sedang menjadi kerusakan ringan, meningkatkan jumlah pelepah dan buah kelapa dari 14 butir menjadi 45 butir per pohon. Respon petani terhadap berbagai aspek teknologi berada pada kisaran 63,5-97,5%.  </p>

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