The commercialization of lithium-ion batteries enabled the widespread use of portable consumer electronics and serious efforts to electrify trans-portation. Managing the potent brew of lithium-ion batteries in the large quantities necessary for vehicle propulsion is still challenging. From space applications a billion miles from Earth to the daily commute of a hybrid electric automobile, these batteries require sophisticated battery management systems based on accurate estimation of battery internal states. This system is the brain of the battery and is responsible for estimating the state of charge, state of health, state of power, and temperature. The state estimation relies on accurate prediction of complex electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena, which increases the importance of model and parameter accuracy. Moreover, as the batteries age, how should the parameters of the model change to accurately represent the performance, and how can we leverage the limited sensor information from the measured terminal voltage and sparse surface temperatures available in a battery system? With a frugal sensor set, what is the optimal sensor placement? This article reviews estimation techniques and error bounds regarding sensor noise and modeling errors, and concludes with an outlook on the research that will be necessary to enable fast charging, repurposing of batteries for grid energy storage, degradation prediction, and fault detection.
State of Power Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles via Wavelet-Markov Load Analysis
