This study proposes a hybrid visual servoing technique that is optimised to tackle the shortcomings of classical 2D, 3D and hybrid visual servoing approaches. These shortcomings are mostly the convergence issues, image and robot singularities, and unreachable trajectories for the robot. To address these deficiencies, 3D estimation of the visual features was used to control the translations in Z-axis as well as all rotations. To speed up the visual servoing (VS) operation, adaptive gains were used. Damped Least Square (DLS) approach was used to reduce the robot singularities and smooth out the discontinuities. Finally, manipulability was established as a secondary task, and the redundancy of the robot was resolved using the classical projection operator. The proposed approach is compared with the classical 2D, 3D and hybrid visual servoing methods in both simulation and real-world. The approach offers more efficient trajectories for the robot, with shorter camera paths than 2D image-based and classical hybrid VS methods. In comparison with the traditional position-based approach, the proposed method is less likely to lose the object from the camera scene, and it is more robust to the camera calibrations. Moreover, the proposed approach offers greater robot controllability (higher manipulability) than other approaches.
New strategies for avoiding robot joint limits: Application to visual servoing using a large projection operator
