An early history of the internet [History of Communications]

Art critic Jerry Saltz is regarded as a pioneer of online art criticism by the mainstream press, yet the Internet has been used as a platform for art discussion for over 30 years. There have been studies of independent print-based arts publishing, online art production and electronic literature, but there have been no histories of online art criticism. In this article, the author provides an account of the first wave of online art criticism (1980–1995) to document this history and prepare the way for thorough evaluations of the changing form of art criticism after the Internet.

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Internet History

Moral, Ethical, and Social Dilemmas in the Age of Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2931-8.ch002 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 19-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raphael Cohen-Almagor

Keyword(s):

Social Networking Sites ◽

Global Network ◽

The Internet ◽

Ethical Challenges ◽

Telecommunication Companies ◽

History Of ◽

Universal Network ◽

American Research ◽

Internet History ◽

Share Information

This paper outlines and analyzes milestones in the history of the Internet. As technology advances, it presents new societal and ethical challenges. The early Internet was devised and implemented in American research units, universities, and telecommunication companies that had vision and interest in cutting-edge research. The Internet then entered into the commercial phase (1984-1989). It was facilitated by the upgrading of backbone links, the writing of new software programs, and the growing number of interconnected international networks. The author examines the massive expansion of the Internet into a global network during the 1990s when business and personal computers with different operating systems joined the universal network. The instant and growing success of social networking-sites that enable Netusers to share information, photos, private journals, hobbies, and personal as well as commercial interests with networks of mutual friends and colleagues is discussed.

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Comments on "'An early history of the internet' by Leonard Kleinrock" (with author's reply) [Letters to the editor]

IEEE Communications Magazine ◽

10.1109/mcom.2011.5706298 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 12-12

Author(s):

Greg Adamson ◽

Leonard Kleinrock

Keyword(s):

Early History ◽

The Internet ◽

Letters To The Editor ◽

History Of

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The ARPANET Into the Internet: A Tale of Two Networks

Studies in Media and Communication ◽

10.11114/smc.v8i1.4783 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Noel Packard

Keyword(s):

Social Construction ◽

Contemporary Literature ◽

Intelligence Community ◽

The Internet ◽

Working Relationship ◽

Origin Stories ◽

The Social ◽

History Of ◽

Internet History ◽

Different Origin

The Internet is a split civilian and military entity in physical and social construction. Investigating this split entity in all its manifestations is an important venture, but this study explores the split social construction of the ARPANET’s reported history. ARPANET/Internet literature shows a division between literature that does and does not include the history of the intelligence communities (IC) working relationship with the pre-privatized ARPANET. Two different genres of literature are discussed, charted in a Table and compared to aspects of the ARPANET’s known and reported developmental and privatization history. Different origin stories are discussed in a general way; then a pattern in the literature is explored, namely, how illegally and libelous spy data gathered in 1960s intelligence community (IC) operations and processed through the pre-privatized ARPANET, is acknowledged in indirect or secondhand ways, when ARPA demonstrated feasibility of the ARPANET ; while after pyritization the literature acknowledges IC spying through the commercialized Internet in firsthand and direct ways. The study examines how earlier and contemporary literature continues contesting the role that 1960s IC spy data played in demonstrating the feasibility of the ARPANET; a prerequisite test for the privatization of the ARPANET. Findings indicate ARPANET histories have excluded direct reporting about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility prior to privatization. The conclusion is that understanding history about how ARPA and the IC demonstrated ARPANET’s feasibility, makes it easier to comprehend reports about how the Internet serves counterinsurgency purposes. The study confirms ongoing debates about the social construction of Internet history.

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Internet History

International Journal of Technoethics ◽

10.4018/jte.2011040104 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 45-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Raphael Cohen-Almagor

Keyword(s):

Social Networking Sites ◽

Global Network ◽

The Internet ◽

Ethical Challenges ◽

Telecommunication Companies ◽

History Of ◽

Universal Network ◽

American Research ◽

Internet History ◽

Share Information

This paper outlines and analyzes milestones in the history of the Internet. As technology advances, it presents new societal and ethical challenges. The early Internet was devised and implemented in American research units, universities, and telecommunication companies that had vision and interest in cutting-edge research. The Internet then entered into the commercial phase (1984-1989). It was facilitated by the upgrading of backbone links, the writing of new software programs, and the growing number of interconnected international networks. The author examines the massive expansion of the Internet into a global network during the 1990s when business and personal computers with different operating systems joined the universal network. The instant and growing success of social networking-sites that enable Netusers to share information, photos, private journals, hobbies, and personal as well as commercial interests with networks of mutual friends and colleagues is discussed.

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The Sublimity of Document

10.1093/oso/9780190052126.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Scott MacDonald

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Early History ◽

The Internet ◽

American Museum ◽

Moving Image ◽

Avant Garde ◽

Political Implications ◽

African Mammals ◽

Experimental Cinema ◽

History Of

The Sublimity of Document: Cinema as Diorama (Avant-Doc 2) is an international collection of in-depth, substantive interviews with moving-image artists working “avant-doc,” that is, making films that explore the territory between documentary and experimental cinema. The Sublimity of Document follows on MacDonald’s earlier Avant-Doc: Intersections of Documentary and Avant-Garde Cinema (Oxford, 2015), though the focus here is on filmmakers who are committed to document itself, willing to go anywhere on the planet (or within film archives or on the internet) to document what they believe we need to see—regardless of whatever political implications the film experiences they create may have for us. The book uses the early history of the museum habitat diorama of animal life, specifically the Akeley Hall of African Mammals at the American Museum of Natural History, as a way of rethinking both early and modern cinema of document—and especially those recent filmmakers and films devoted to providing a panorama of places and events that viewers might never have opportunities to experience in person. The twenty-seven interviews in The Sublimity of Document are organized panoramically within the volume.

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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