Communication Aspects of the Integration of Wireless IoT Devices with Distributed Ledger Technology

The major challenges of operating data-intensive of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) are (1) to reach consensus on the main chain as a set of validators cast public votes to decide on which blocks to finalize and (2) scalability on how to increase the number of chains which will be running in parallel. In this paper, we introduce a new proximal algorithm that scales DLT in a large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) devices network. We discuss how the algorithm benefits the integrating DLT in IoT by using edge computing technology, taking the scalability and heterogeneous capability of IoT devices into consideration. IoT devices are clustered dynamically into groups based on proximity context information. A cluster head is used to bridge the IoT devices with the DLT network where a smart contract is deployed. In this way, the security of the IoT is improved and the scalability and latency are solved. We elaborate on our mechanism and discuss issues that should be considered and implemented when using the proposed algorithm, we even show how it behaves with varying parameters like latency or when clustering.

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Distributed Ledger Technology based Property Transaction System with Support for IoT Devices

Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch018 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 299-319

Author(s):

Nikita Singh ◽

Manu Vardhan

Keyword(s):

Network Bandwidth ◽

Remote Locations ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Cloud Server ◽

Operational Models ◽

Property Registration ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Financial Transactions ◽

Server Architecture

Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) is transforming the existing operational models of economy, financial transactions and other government machineries so as to allow these to operate in a much more secure and decentralized manner. This research focuses on providing framework for decentralized and secure P2P infrastructure for handling e-stamp and property registration mechanism along with interface for verification of document originality. The proposed efficient consensus mechanism reduces the overhead of broadcasting a new block by more than 50% coupled with saving CPU computation power along with network bandwidth. To ensure that even people at remote locations with constrained resources are able to participate and harness these benefits, a cloud server architecture & web interface for verification of property registered deed is also proposed.

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Threat Modeling—How to Visualize Attacks on IOTA?

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21051834 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 1834

Author(s):

Ikram Ullah ◽

Gerard de Roode ◽

Nirvana Meratnia ◽

Paul Havinga

Keyword(s):

Security And Privacy ◽

Security Vulnerabilities ◽

Vast Number ◽

Threat Modeling ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Wide Range ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Privacy Breaches

Internet of Things (IoT) has been deployed in a vast number of smart applications with the aim to bring ease and comfort into our lives. However, with the expansion of IoT applications, the number of security and privacy breaches has also increased, which brings into question the resilience of existing security and trust mechanisms. Furthermore, the contemporaneous centralized technology is posing significant challenges viz scalability, transparency and efficiency to wide range of IoT applications such as smart logistics, where millions of IoT devices need to be connected simultaneously. Alternatively, IOTA is a distributed ledger technology that offers resilient security and trust mechanisms and a decentralized architecture to overcome IoT impediments. IOTA has already been implemented in many applications and has clearly demonstrated its significance in real-world applications. Like any other technology, IOTA unfortunately also encounters security vulnerabilities. The purpose of this study is to explore and highlight security vulnerabilities of IOTA and simultaneously demonstrate the value of threat modeling in evaluating security vulnerabilities of distributed ledger technology. IOTA vulnerabilities are scrutinized in terms of feasibility and impact and we have also presented prevention techniques where applicable. To identify IOTA vulnerabilities, we have examined existing literature and online blogs. Literature available on this topic is very limited so far. As far as we know IOTA has barely been addressed in the traditional journals, conferences and books. In total we have identified six vulnerabilities. We used Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS v3.0) to further categorize these vulnerabilities on the basis of their feasibility and impact.

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Survey of distributed ledger technology integration challenges

Information and Control Systems ◽

10.31799/1684-8853-2020-2-10-19 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 10-19

Author(s):

Maria Gorbunova ◽

Aleksandr Ometov ◽

Mikhail Komarov ◽

Sergey Bezzateev

Keyword(s):

Technology Integration ◽

Data Storage ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Data Confidentiality ◽

Management Tools ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Network Scalability

Introduction: Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the most significant fields covering various aspects of modern ICT systems. Centralized systems of today can no longer guarantee the required level of availability and reliability, while broadly available distributed ones are still in the infancy. Purpose: Analysis of the applicability of DLT to various industries such as economics, energy, finance, logistics, and the Internet of Things. Results: The article outlines the main challenges of the DLT technology integration, such as the lack of a unified system for data storage, the need to ensure an appropriate level of data confidentiality, integration into the existing competency systems, the issues of а distributed system interaction with resource-constrained IoT devices, the lack of proper management tools for distributed systems, and network scalability. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic overview of the integration challenges followed by potential solutions and future perspectives.

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Efficient Data Communication Using Distributed Ledger Technology and IOTA-Enabled Internet of Things for a Future Machine-to-Machine Economy

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4354

Author(s):

Mohd Majid Akhtar ◽

Danish Raza Rizvi ◽

Mohd Abdul Ahad ◽

Salil S. Kanhere ◽

Mohammad Amjad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Data Communication ◽

Sensor Data ◽

The Internet ◽

Machine To Machine ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Over The Top ◽

The Internet Of Things

A potential rise in interest in the Internet of Things in the upcoming years is expected in the fields of healthcare, supply chain, logistics, industries, smart cities, smart homes, cyber physical systems, etc. This paper discloses the fusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the so-called “distributed ledger technology” (DLT). IoT sensors like temperature sensors, motion sensors, GPS or connected devices convey the activity of the environment. Sensor information acquired by such IoT devices are then stored in a blockchain. Data on a blockchain remains immutable however its scalability still remains a challenging issue and thus represents a hindrance for its mass adoption in the IoT. Here a communication system based on IOTA and DLT is discussed with a systematic architecture for IoT devices and a future machine-to-machine (M2M) economy. The data communication between IoT devices is analyzed using multiple use cases such as sending DHT-11 sensor data to the IOTA tangle. The value communication is analyzed using a novel “micro-payment enabled over the top” (MP-OTT) streaming platform that is based on the “pay-as-you-go” and “consumption based” models to showcase IOTA value transactions. In this paper, we propose an enhancement to the classical “masked authenticated message” (MAM) communication protocol and two architectures called dual signature masked authenticated message (DSMAM) and index-based address value transaction (IBAVT). Further, we provided an empirical analysis and discussion of the proposed techniques. The implemented solution provides better address management with secured sharing and communication of IoT data, complete access control over the ownership of data and high scalability in terms of number of transactions that can be handled.

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Distributed Ledger Technology based Property Transaction System with Support for IoT Devices

International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing ◽

10.4018/ijcac.2019040104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 60-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Nikita Singh ◽

Manu Vardhan

Keyword(s):

Web Interface ◽

Network Bandwidth ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Cloud Server ◽

Operational Models ◽

Property Registration ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Financial Transactions ◽

Server Architecture

Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) is transforming the existing operational models of economy, financial transactions and other government machineries so as to allow these to operate in a much more secure and decentralized manner. This research focuses on providing framework for decentralized and secure P2P infrastructure for handling e-stamp and property registration mechanism along with interface for verification of document originality. The proposed efficient consensus mechanism reduces the overhead of broadcasting a new block by more than 50% coupled with saving CPU computation power along with network bandwidth. To ensure that even people at remote locations with constrained resources are able to participate and harness these benefits, a cloud server architecture & web interface for verification of property registered deed is also proposed.

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Distributed Intelligence in the Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities

SN Computer Science ◽

10.1007/s42979-021-00677-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Tariq Alsboui ◽

Yongrui Qin ◽

Richard Hill ◽

Hussain Al-Aqrabi

Keyword(s):

Research Issues ◽

Distributed Intelligence ◽

Communication Techniques ◽

Distributed Ledger ◽

Distributed Ledger Technology ◽

Technology Service ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Service Oriented ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Future Work

AbstractWidespread adoption of smart IoT devices is accelerating research for new techniques to make IoT applications secure, scalable, energy-efficient, and capable of working in mission-critical use cases, which require an ability to function offline. In this context, the novel combination of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and distributed intelligence (DI) is seen as a practical route towards the decentralisation of IoT architectures. This paper surveys DI techniques in IoT and commences by briefly explaining the need for DI, by proposing a comprehensive taxonomy of DI in IoT. This taxonomy is then used to review existing techniques and to investigate current challenges that require careful attention and consideration. Based on the taxonomy, IoT DI techniques can be classified into five categories based on the factors that support distributed functionality and data acquisition: cloud-computing, mist-computing, distributed-ledger-technology, service-oriented-computing and hybrid. Existing techniques are compared and categorized mainly based on related challenges, and the level of intelligence supported. We evaluate more than thirty current research efforts in this area. We define many significant functionalities that should be supported by DI frameworks and solutions. Our work assists system architects and developers to select the correct low-level communication techniques in an integrated IoT-to-DLT-to-cloud system architecture. The benefits and shortcomings of different DI approaches are presented, which will inspire future work into automatic hybridization and adaptation of DI mechanisms. Finally, open research issues for distributed intelligence in IoT are discussed.

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