Abstract
The classical criteria of the 1920s for the avoidance of flexure-torsion flutter were based on parameters such as stiffness ratio and the position across the typical chord of the aerodynamic, elastic and mass centres.
In more recent times, and in the context of aeroelastic tailoring of lifting surfaces constructed with composite materials, a new terminology has emerged — as evident from technical papers produced in the USA over the past decade. The prevention of flexure-torsion flutter, or the raising of the critical speed, is now achieved by providing more
wash-in
or less
wash-out
, where these terms do not have their established aeronautical meanings — and for this reason (and other, non-semantic ones) are to be deprecated.
By recourse to a typical section model (with quasi-steady and unsteady compressible aerodynamics), the writer argues that, for conventionally constructed wings, the new criteria are ‘fuzzy’ and incomplete versions of the earlier criteria in respect of the positioning of the various ‘centres’ (i.e., elastic, mass and aerodynamic) across the typical chord, and therefore that the new terminology is redundant in this context.
For laminated composite wing structures, even when the construction is uniform and the fiexural axis straight, it is established that the inclination of this axis with respect to the CG and aerodynamic axes may be so large that the fiexural and shear centres at the tip could be several chords forward or aft of the mid-chord axis; the criteria of the 1920s are then irrelevant. The wash-in/wash-out criteria may then be said to ‘come into their own’, albeit that it is shown herein that they remain fuzzy and incomplete — even for quasisteady binary problems. A crude modal binary model of a rudimentary laminated composite wing is included to illustrate this and other features. By recourse to a higher-order flutter formulation, the writer demonstrates that the wash-in/wash-out criteria are, in certain respects, unreliable.
Prediction of Shape Distortions in Composite Wing Structures