Synthetic polymer papers suitable for use in EHV underground cable insulation

1976 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fujita ◽  
H. Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Cable Insulation ◽  
Underground Cable

scholarly journals Cable Capacity Enhancement by Utilizing Trapezoidal Voltage Waveform

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ghaffarian Niasar ◽  
W Li ◽  
Peter Vaessen
Keyword(s):  
Field Distribution ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Homogeneous Field ◽  
Voltage Waveform ◽  
Multilevel Converters ◽  
Cable Insulation ◽  
Capacity Enhancement ◽  
Underground Cable ◽  
Dynamic Voltage ◽  
Continuous Power

To avoid installation of expensive new underground cable connections in locations where peak load exceeds existing cable capacity, it is advantageous to transfer more power through a cable than its nominal power capacity, without endangering its reliability. Dynamic current rating of cables is a typical approach that is used to exceed the nominal cable capacity for a short time period. In this paper a new method for cable capacity enhancement based on dynamic voltage rating is introduced. The method can be applied if multilevel converters are installed at both ends of cable as will become more commonplace in the future when an inverter rich power system is realized. In this study the influence of trapezoidal voltage waveform on the electric field distribution inside cable insulation is investigated. The results shows that by using trapezoidal waveform it is possible to achieve a more homogeneous field distribution inside the cable insulation. This enables better utilization of the insulation system which translates into higher continuous power transfer capacity.

scholarly journals Underground MV Network Failures’ Waveform Characteristics—An Investigation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Miguel Louro ◽  
Luís Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Cable Insulation ◽  
Failure Type ◽  
Underground Cable ◽  
Fault Type ◽  
Network Failures ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Fault Evolution ◽  
Failure Types

The authors seek to investigate the characteristics of outage-causing faults that can be observed in a short time frame after their occurrence: waveform of the voltages and currents. The aim is to identify which characteristics can be used to estimate the failure type immediately after its occurrence. This paper lays the groundwork to determine which features display a stronger relation to four failure types with the aim of using this information in a later work, not presented in this paper, aimed at designing a reliable failure type estimator from readily available data. This paper focuses on the most common failures of the underground cable MV networks in Portugal: cable insulation; cable joint; secondary substation busbar; and excavation-motivated failures. A set of 206 waveform records of real underground MV network failures was available for analysis. After investigating the waveforms, the authors identified seven waveform characteristics which can be used for failure type estimation. Fault type characteristics can be used to distinguish secondary substation failures from the remaining failure types. Fault evolution does not yield relevant information. Fault self-extinction phenomenon was not observed in excavation-caused failures. There are differences for self-extinction characteristics between secondary substation busbar failures and the cable insulation and joint failures. Fault inception instant and arc voltage are two characteristics which are shown to have a promising merit to the identification process of failure types. Finally, fault intra-cycle repetitive extinction results have been found to be very similar for cable insulation failures and joint failures, but otherwise different regarding the remaining failure types.

Electron-diffraction studies in synthetic polymer materials

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
D.T. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Crystallographic Structure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
First Case ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The Many

Diffraction studies in polymeric and other beam sensitive materials may bring to mind the many experiments where diffracted intensity has been used as a measure of the electron dose required to destroy fine structure in the TEM. But this paper is concerned with a range of cases where the diffraction pattern itself contains the important information.In the first case, electron diffraction from paraffins, degraded polyethylene and polyethylene single crystals, all the samples are highly ordered, and their crystallographic structure is well known. The diffraction patterns fade on irradiation and may also change considerably in a-spacing, increasing the unit cell volume on irradiation. The effect is large and continuous far C94H190 paraffin and for PE, while for shorter chains to C 28H58 the change is less, levelling off at high dose, Fig.l. It is also found that the change in a-spacing increases at higher dose rates and at higher irradiation temperatures.

Environmentally Friendly Preparation of Magnetic Composites Featuring Proteolytic Properties

INEOS OPEN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Samoilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Magnetic Composites ◽  
Interpolyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
Hydrolysis Rates ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Noncovalent Binding

The enzyme-containing magnetic composites are presented. The magnetic matrix for enzyme immobilization is obtained by sequential application of an amine-containing polysaccharide—chitosan and a synthetic polymer—poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) to the magnetite microparticles to form the interpolyelectrolyte complex shell. Then, the enzyme (trypsin) is immobilized by covalent or noncovalent binding. Thus, the suggested composites can be readily obtained in the environmentally friendly manner. The enzyme capacity of the resulting composites reaches 28.0–32.6 mg/g. The maximum hydrolysis rates of the H-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA substrate provided by these composites range within 0.60·10–7–0.77·10–7 M/min.

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