Hybrid vehicles are now more common in response to increasing global warming. The hybridization of energy sources and energy storage units enables improving the sustainability, reliability, and robustness of power systems. To reach the objective of zero emissions, a proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel-cell was utilized as an energy source. The aim of this research was to create an accurate optimal sizing procedure for determining the nominal rating of the necessary sources. We modeled the fuel cell and the battery pack using data from real experimental results to create the generic database. Then, we added data on the mission profile, system constraints, and the minimization target function. The mission profile was then analyzed by the sizing algorithm to determine optional minimum and maximum fuel cell ratings. Analyzing the optional solutions using the vehicle real time energy management system controller resulted in a set of solutions for each available rated fuel cell, and the optimal compatible battery in the revealed band successfully accomplished the route of the driving cycle within the system limitations. Finally, the Pareto curve represented the optimal finding of the sizing procedure. Ultimately, in contrast to previous works that utilize gross manufacturer data in the sizing procedure, the main research contribution and novelty of this research is the very accurate sizing results, which draw on real experimental-based fuel-cell and battery sizing models. Moreover, the actual vehicle real time energy management system controllers were used in the sizing procedure.
Modelling and Design of Real-Time Energy Management Systems for Fuel Cell/Battery Electric Vehicles
