Confinement as a two‐stage turning point: Do changes in identity or social structure predict subsequent changes in criminal activity? *

The complexity of primates’ singing behavior has long gathered the attention of researchers interested in understanding the selective pressures underpinning the evolution of language. Among these pressures, a link between territoriality, pair-living, and singing displays has been suggested. Historically, singing primates have been found in a few taxa that are not closely related to each other, and, in the last years, their phylogeny has dramatically changed. Hence, we aimed at understanding if the dogmatic association between territorial behavior and a monogamous social structure still holds in the light of current research. Moreover, singing behavior has often been considered a whole, but animals can perform different singing forms depending on how many individuals call simultaneously. Currently, it is unclear to which extent these singing forms are widespread among these primate groups. Given that there is no unique definition for a song, solo, duet, and chorus, we envisioned some of the most used descriptions. We then formulated some new definitions that we followed in our review of the presence/absence of these different forms of song organization among singing primates’ taxa. In particular, we suggested that tarsier species that are typically considered non-singers may indeed sing, and we pointed out that non-duetting gibbons may perform duet interactions. We found that, besides duets, chorusing behavior and solo songs are essential features of primates’ communication, but their study is still in a descriptive phase. Moreover, while territorial behavior seems to be conserved in these singing taxa, we highlighted that the monogamous social structure is not the rule. Pair-living plus multi- females groups displaying singing behavior are common too. We suggest that ending to consider these taxa as uniform in their sociality and vocal behavior might be a significant turning point to unravel the different selective pressures that influenced the emergence and organization of such peculiar vocal behavior.

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Ibrahim and Others v. UK: Watering down the Salduz principles?

New Journal of European Criminal Law ◽

10.1177/2032284418778149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 229-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ergul Celiksoy

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Turning Point ◽

European Convention ◽

Two Stage ◽

Police Interrogation ◽

Early Access ◽

European Court ◽

Strong Position ◽

The Right

The European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR or ‘the Court’) has gradually developed considerable jurisprudence affirming the right to access a lawyer prior to or during police interrogation, with Salduz v. Turkey marking a turning point in setting out a strong position on this right (i.e. the Salduz principles). However, in Ibrahim and Others v. United Kingdom (Ibrahim), the ECtHR expressed that there was a need for further clarifications of the Salduz principles, indicating that there is a two-stage assessment regarding whether any restriction on early access is compatible with the fair trial rights ensured in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the ECHR or ‘the Convention’). This article discusses whether the decision in Ibrahim represents a retreat from the Salduz principles (and a less robust position on the ECHR) by the ECtHR.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA ◽

10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.01.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Vladimir A. Pleshakov ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Structure ◽

Crime Prevention ◽

Situational Crime Prevention ◽

Criminal Activity ◽

Territorial Behavior ◽

Ecological Design ◽

Territory Design ◽

Street Design ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

Theory Of Crime

The article analyzes the development of the theory of crime prevention in foreign countries. Since the 80s of the last century, situational crime prevention has been developed there. This direction was based on the idea of the influence of the environment on the commission of crimes. The vision of crime prevention through ecological design by creating a protected space was put forward. A protected space is a model of a residential environment that deters crime by creating a physical expression of a social structure that protects itself, sends a signal to a potential criminal, which is then interpreted as an area not conducive to criminal activity. This way of preventing criminal events involves establishing territorial behavior, strengthening surveillance of the territory by creating zones of territorial influence (territory design, organic approach, street design, real and symbolic barriers) and convincing residents that their actions matter. The main purpose of situational warning is to reduce the possibilities of criminal events and increase the risks of criminal events in such a way that they are perceived by most (if not all) offenders.

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Quantitative Estimation of Turning Point of Ageing Based on a Two-Stage Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Journal of The Electrochemical Society ◽

10.1149/1945-7111/ac4b1b ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Haichao Lv ◽

Xiankun Huang ◽

Lixia Kang ◽

Yongzhong Liu

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Turning Point ◽

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Stage Model ◽

Capacity Fading ◽

Two Stage ◽

Operation Conditions ◽

Proposed Model

Abstract The capacity fading of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is reported by a linear dependency followed by a nonlinear ageing process, where the former is dominated by solid electrolyte interphase formation and reformation (SEI and SEI-re), while the latter is by lithium plating. In this work, a two-stage model is developed to quantitatively predict the turning point during the capacity fading of LIBs, which couples the electrochemical and thermal models accounting for SEI, SEI-re and lithium plating. Accordingly, a quantitative evaluation method of the turning point is proposed by attributing the transition of the capacity fading to the balance of consumption of active lithium for SEI growth and lithium plating per cycle in the two stages. The characteristics of capacity fading of LIBs are quantitatively analyzed under various operation conditions and design parameters. An NCM111/graphite battery is used to validate the proposed model. The results shows the validity of the proposed model. The turning points of the capacity fading processes are influenced by operation and design parameters of LIBs, where lithium plating or SEI growth reign. According to the effect on the turning point, the order of significance of the factors are charging current, charging cut-off voltage, temperature and N/P ratio, respectively.

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Two-stage self-seeding method for preparation of single crystals of poly(phenylene sulfide)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100153816 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 368-369

Author(s):

Sengshiu Chung ◽

Peggy Cebe

Keyword(s):

Single Crystals ◽

High Performance ◽

Dilute Solution ◽

Two Stage ◽

Annealing Behavior ◽

High Performance Polymers ◽

Seeding Method ◽

Phenylene Sulfide

We are studying the crystallization and annealing behavior of high performance polymers, like poly(p-pheny1ene sulfide) PPS, and poly-(etheretherketone), PEEK. Our purpose is to determine whether PPS, which is similar in many ways to PEEK, undergoes reorganization during annealing. In an effort to address the issue of reorganization, we are studying solution grown single crystals of PPS as model materials.Observation of solution grown PPS crystals has been reported. Even from dilute solution, embrionic spherulites and aggregates were formed. We observe that these morphologies result when solutions containing uncrystallized polymer are cooled. To obtain samples of uniform single crystals, we have used two-stage self seeding and solution replacement techniques.

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