Prezydent w systemie politycznym Rosji. Rozwiązania prawne i praktyka polityczna

The president’s strong position in Russia’s political system results from two important factors. First of all, these are constitutional and legal solutions that equip the president with a range of powers of his own and those of other authorities, making the head of state office almost hegemonic. Secondly, these are extra-legal factors, the so-called personality factors, assigned to individual Russian presidents who exercised power under almost on the same legal regulations and very similar competences. However, the presidencies of Yeltsin, Medvedev, and Putin were very different. The article analyzes the thesis that until March 2020, the strong position of the Russian president was not only legal, but also “personal.” The announced amendment of the Constitution in 2020 in terms of counting the president’s new term of office means Putin’s attempt to give priority to legal regulations, which in consequence will allow the extension of his rule in the majesty of the law and will not allow a system of “two powers.”

СТАН СУЧАСНОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДОЗНАВСТВА У СЛОВАЧЧИНІ

The article reveals the main achievements of the modern Slovak school of translation studies in the fi elds of theory, history, criticism and didactics of translation. In today’s Slovakia translation research is concentrated in four academic centres: the Slovak Academy of Arts and Sciences in Bratislava as well as the Universities of Banska Bystrica, Nitra and Presov. Slovak researchers are developing a number of partial theories of translation, including the theory of audiovisual translation and the theory of translation competencies. Interestingly, machine translation is also well-studied, although the topic might be neglected as the number of Slovak speakers is not so numerous. Researchers are very active in studying the history of translation, especially in the fi eld of biography studies. History studies apply the methodology of sociological research which help to evaluate the reception of foreign literatures in various perspectives. On the basis of judging books in translation, translation criticism does not seem to be very popular as a research topic, although the publication of the specialized journal “Kritika prekladu” will defi nitely stimulate this domain. Ukrainian studies in Slovakia – including the domain of translation studies – also have a strong position due to the scholars of Prešov University. This can be explained by long and fruitful academic traditions of the Ukrainian autochthonous community. Within the last decade, the researchers of Ukrainian background also contributed to translation studies in the areas of the cultural theory of translation and court interpreting and translation. Although there are a number of books in translation, publishing eff orts have some problems as well, i. e. the small volume of monographic editions, which sometimes resemble a lengthy article rather than a book. The books are published not only in print, but also in electronic format and online which will facilitate the availability of these publications to much wider readership. Key words: Slovakia, translation theory, translation history, audiovisual translation, Ukrainian studies.

The lesson learned from COVID-19 and the climate crisis is not to let experts decide on policies: a response to Robert C. Schmidt

This is a response to the commentary by Robert C. Schmidt in this journal, in which the author suggests that for specific problems such as climate change or the current pandemic, decisions on policies should be made by scientific experts rather than by politicians. We argue that such ideas, which were brought up in the late 1960s and reconsidered more recently, do not take sufficient account of the nature of science politics, and their interaction. Furthermore, problem structures and resulting challenges for science and politics are not similar, but essentially different between climate change and the pandemic. Therefore, different solutions to the problems are required. There is a need to improve politics’ reliable recourse to scientific evidence in many cases. Yet, giving scientific experts such a strong position in decision-making ignores that most decisions, even if based on the state of scientific evidence (if there is such an uncontroversial state of evidence), ultimately require genuinely political choices about trade-offs of interests and normative issues that neither can nor should be made by scientists. Therefore, putting Schmidt’s proposal into practice would not solve the existing problems but instead create new problems.

Refining the content and design of an alcohol reduction app, Drink Less, to improve its usability and effectiveness: a mixed methods approach

Background: Digital interventions have the potential to reduce alcohol consumption, although evidence on the effectiveness of apps is lacking. Drink Less is a popular, evidence-informed app with good usability, putting it in a strong position to be improved upon prior to conducting a confirmatory evaluation. This paper describes the process of refining Drink Less to improve its usability and likely effectiveness. Methods: The refinement consisted of three phases and involved qualitative and quantitative (mixed) methods: i) identifying changes to app content, based on findings from an initial evaluation of Drink Less, an updated review of digital alcohol interventions and a content analysis of user feedback; ii) designing new app modules with public input and a consultation with app developers and researchers; and iii) improving the app’s usability through user testing. Results: As a result of the updated review of digital alcohol interventions and user feedback analysis in Phase 1, three new modules: ‘Behaviour Substitution’, ‘Information about Antecedents’ and ‘Insights’, were added to the app. One existing module – ‘Identity Change’ – was removed based on the initial evaluation of Drink Less. Phases 2 and 3 resulted in changes to existing features, such as improving the navigational structure and onboarding process, and clarifying how to edit drinks and goals. Conclusions: A mixed methods approach was used to refine the content and design of Drink Less, providing insights into how to improve its usability and likely effectiveness. Drink Less is now ready for a confirmatory evaluation.

Influence of root feeding fertilizers on yield and quality of winter wheat grain in conditions of the central zone of Orenburg region

Agriculture continues to move forward confidently. Before our eyes, the agrarian industry is reviving, becoming stronger, taking a strong position at the forefront of the Russian economy. The most important achievement of 2017 was a record grain harvest of 130 million tons. This result was achieved not only by increasing the cultivated areas, which increased by 620 thousand hectares in 2017, but also thanks to the record yield, which amounted to 28 kg / ha, which is 80% higher than in 2000. The maximum harvest in the history of new and Soviet Russia, which will ensure our country a strong leadership in the world wheat market. Russian agriculture remains a driver of the country’s economic development. For the second year in a row, we get a record harvest of not only grain, but also sugar beets and sunflowers, the production of soybeans, rapeseed and greenhouse vegetables is growing. In the new season, grain exports will reach 45 million tons, including more than 35 million tons of wheat. Russia is expanding the geography of its presence, having mastered new directions for the supply of agricultural products. At the end of 10 months of 2017, grain exports increased by 22% compared to the same period in 2016 and amounted to 32 million tons. During the same time, the export of Russian wheat exceeded 24 million tons, which is 23% more than a year earlier. … In Russia, over 17 years, the volume of grain production increased 2 times, sugar beet and sunflower - 2-3 times, soybeans and rapeseed - 10, greenhouse vegetables - 1.8, poultry meat - 6, pork - 2. Fish - 2 times. Greenhouse vegetable growing and horticulture are developing intensively. Progress is being made in the development of animal husbandry and aquaculture. The dairy industry is undergoing a significant transformation, and production volumes on farms are growing. These are new growth points for the agro-industrial complex. Thanks to the achievements of domestic scientists, grain production of agricultural crops can be increased due to many factors. One of the factors is foliar dressing with liquid micro- and macro-fertilizers. Therefore, we studied various combinations of liquid micro-, macrofertilizers, as well as the bio-logical product Albit, in order to identify the best option and recommend it for produc-tion.

Italy’s elections threaten the cohesion of the right

Significance The results have destabilised relations within the alliance involving the League, Brothers of Italy (FdI) and Forza Italia (FI), and increased speculation that FI may ally with moderate parties instead. The election results reflect the popularity of Prime Minister Mario Draghi’s government of national unity. Impacts The stability of Draghi’s government may boost Italy’s chances of influencing reforms to the EU’s fiscal policy framework. The election result reflects the wider recovery in business confidence already evidenced in Italy. Based on polling trends, Giorgia Meloni’s FdI is in a strong position to be the leading populist party after the next election. Meloni’s rise could increase tensions between FdI and the League, as the latter is accustomed to being the dominant party in the polls.

Technical efficiency of the food and drink industry and its determinants

This study focuses on evaluating the technical efficiency (TE) of food and drink companies in the Czech Republic and on finding its determinants. The analysis is based on the data of 597 firms and uses the stochastic frontier method. We have identified the key players in the market and the less effective groups of processors. Foreign-owned companies have a strong position because of a better economy, but the results showed that their efficiency is comparable with that of Czech-owned companies. The results helped confirm that the size of the company influences its TE. The lowest efficiency was observed in small companies. TE also differed among branches of the food industry. The highest efficiency was in the bakery and milk industries, and the lowest efficiency was in fruit and vegetable processing. Subsidised firms reached a significantly higher efficiency. With respect to economic results, there is still a need to improve competitiveness through investments.

Englishization ‘under the radar’

Based on statistical information and policy texts, this chapter provides an overview and evaluation of the use and roles of English in traditional research universities and universities of applied sciences in Austria. While internationalization is interpreted and realized in different ways by different institutions, English functions as a central element. A factor supporting the widely unquestioned use of English might be found in the socio-economically strong position that German still enjoys in business, work-life, and higher education in Europe. This predominance is also noticeable in the utilitarian relevance awarded to both German and English in Austrian higher education, thereby failing to recognize the multi-layered relevance multilingualism could have in implementing internationalization policies that would go beyond Englishization practices.

Kishida will maintain strong position on China

Headline JAPAN: Kishida will maintain strong position on China

Strategi Pengembangan Agrowisata di Soewan Garden dengan menggunakan Analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threads)

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan kajian analisis SWOT karena, mempermudah suatu perusahaan untuk mengkombinasikan strategi yang tepat dikembangkan untuk menjalankan perusahaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi internal dan eksternal serta menyusun dan merekomendasikan strategi pengembangan agrowisata di Soewan Garden Desa Pancasari. Penelitian ini mengambil data dari penyebaran kuisioner yang dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu kuisioner internal ( pemilik dan pengunjung agrowisata), dan kuisioner eksternal (Pakar dan usaha sejenis yang sudah berkembang). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat 3 kekuatan, 6 kelemahan, 4 peluang, dan 3 ancaman. Hasil pembobotan dan rating menunjukan bahwa nilai terbobot untuk matriks Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) adalah 3,02 dan matriks Eksternal Factor Evaluation (EFE) adalah 2.65. Nilai ini menunjukan posisi yang kuat pada matriks Internal Eksternal (IE) dengan strategi yang harus dilakukan adalah strategi intensif dan integratif. Sedangkan berdasarkan Analisis matriks SWOT terdapat 8 alternatif strategi yang dapat disusun untuk mengembangkan usaha agrowisata Soewan Garden. ABSTRACT This research was conducted with a SWOT analysis study for a decision-maker in a company to combine the right strategies to run the company. This study aims to analyze internal and external conditions and recommend development strategies in the agrotourism Soewan Garden at Pancasari village. This study took data from the distribution of questionnaires which were divided into 2, namely internal commissioners (agro-tourism owners and visitors) and external commissioners (experts and similar businesses that have developed). The results showed that there were 3 strengths, 6 weaknesses, 4 opportunities, and 3 threats. The weighting and assessment results show that the weighted value for the Internal Factor Evaluation matrix (IFE) is 3,02 and the External Factor Evaluation matrix (EFE) is 2,65. This value indicates a strong position in the Internal External Matrix (IE) with a strategy that must be done is an intensive and integrative strategy. Meanwhile, based on the SWOT matrix analysis there are 8 alternative strategies that can be developed to develop Soewan Gardenagro-tourism.