Three methods to measure parasite aggregation using examples from Australian fish parasites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. G. Lester ◽  
S. P. Blomberg
Keyword(s):  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Parasite Aggregation ◽  
Australian Fish

scholarly journals Does moving up a food chain increase aggregation in parasites?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (118) ◽  
pp. 20160102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. G. Lester ◽  
R. McVinish
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Parasite Aggregation ◽  
High Parasite ◽  
Chain Increase

General laws in ecological parasitology are scarce. Here, we evaluate data on numbers of fish parasites published by over 200 authors to determine whether acquiring parasites via prey is associated with an increase in parasite aggregation. Parasite species were grouped taxonomically to produce 20 or more data points per group as far as possible. Most parasites that remained at one trophic level were less aggregated than those that had passed up a food chain. We use a stochastic model to show that high parasite aggregation in predators can be solely the result of the accumulation of parasites in their prey. The model is further developed to show that a change in the predators feeding behaviour with age may further increase parasite aggregation.

Discovery of Australia’s Fishes: A History of Australian Ichthyology to 1930.

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Graham R Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biology ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Identification Guide ◽  
Taxonomic Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ecological Parameters ◽  
Australian Fish

BRIAN Saunders is a retired ophthalmologist with a lifetime interest in marine biology and the history of ichthyology. He has previously published Shores and Shallows of Coffin Bay: An Identification Guide, in 2009, revised in 2012. That work, in its revised edition, contains extensive figures and supplementary information on other ecological parameters such as fish parasites and the habitat of the Coffin Bay area. The current work is a much greater labour, which relies on a significant knowledge of the Australian fish fauna and extensive research of the scientific and historical literature. This volume is about the discovery of Australia’s fishes (to 1930) following the main systematic and taxonomic research in Australia with the inclusion of the pertinent discoveries from further afield in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. It treats only lightly the ichthyologic and Aboriginal lore, which is outside the intent and scope of the book.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Oligosaccharides with Special Attention to Antiparasitic Potential

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Nayara Sousa da Silva ◽  
Nathália Kelly Araújo ◽  
Alessandra Daniele-Silva ◽  
Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira ◽  
Júlia Maria de Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharides ◽  
Lower Viscosity ◽  
Biomedical Industry ◽  
Parasite Aggregation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The global rise of infectious disease outbreaks and the progression of microbial resistance reinforce the importance of researching new biomolecules. Obtained from the hydrolysis of chitosan, chitooligosaccharides (COSs) have demonstrated several biological properties, including antimicrobial, and greater advantage over chitosan due to their higher solubility and lower viscosity. Despite the evidence of the biotechnological potential of COSs, their effects on trypanosomatids are still scarce. The objectives of this study were the enzymatic production, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects of COSs. NMR and mass spectrometry analyses indicated the presence of a mixture with 81% deacetylated COS and acetylated hexamers. COSs demonstrated no evidence of cytotoxicity upon 2 mg/mL. In addition, COSs showed interesting activity against bacteria and yeasts and a time-dependent parasitic inhibition. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated a parasite aggregation ability of COSs. Thus, the broad biological effect of COSs makes them a promising molecule for the biomedical industry.

Explaining variability in parasite aggregation levels among host samples

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Host Body ◽  
Parasite Aggregation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Host Body Size

SUMMARYAggregated distributions among individual hosts are a defining feature of metazoan parasite populations. Heterogeneity among host individuals in exposure to parasites or in susceptibility to infection is thought to be the main factor generating aggregation, with properties of parasites themselves explaining some of the variability in aggregation levels observed among species. Here, using data from 410 samples of helminth parasites on fish hosts, I tested the contribution of (i) within-sample variation in host body size, taken as a proxy for variability in host susceptibility, and (ii) parasite taxon and developmental stage, to the aggregated distribution of parasites. Log-transformed variance in numbers of parasites per host was regressed against log mean number across all samples; the strong relationship (r2 = 0·88) indicated that aggregation levels are tightly constrained by mean infection levels, and that only a small proportion of the observed variability in parasite aggregation levels remains to be accounted for by other factors. Using the residuals of this regression as measures of ‘unexplained’ aggregation, a mixed effects model revealed no significant effect of within-sample variation in host body size or of parasite taxon or stage (i.e. juvenile versus adult) on parasite aggregation level within a sample. However, much of the remaining variability in parasite aggregation levels among samples was accounted for by the number of individual hosts examined per sample, and species-specific and study-specific effects reflecting idiosyncrasies of particular systems. This suggests that with most differences in aggregation among samples already explained, there may be little point in seeking universal causes for the remaining variation.

scholarly journals A survey on occurrence of internal and external fish parasites and causes of fish population reduction in Lake Hashenge, Tigray, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Abreha Tesfaye ◽  
Awot Teklu ◽  
Tilaye Bekelle ◽  
Tsegay Tkue ◽  
Etsay Kebede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Population ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Population Reduction

Scaling up from epidemiology to biogeography: local infection patterns predict geographical distribution in fish parasites

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin ◽  
Christopher A. Blanar ◽  
David W. Thieltges ◽  
David J. Marcogliese
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Local Infection

scholarly journals Fish Parasites

1880 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
A. W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fish Parasites

scholarly journals Negligible risk of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in farmed fish from European mariculture, 2016 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Letizia Fioravanti ◽  
Andrea Gustinelli ◽  
George Rigos ◽  
Kurt Buchmann ◽  
Monica Caffara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Gilthead Seabream ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Freezing Treatment ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites ◽  
Anisakid Larvae

Background The increasing demand for raw or undercooked fish products, supplied by both aquaculture and fisheries, raises concerns about the transmission risk to humans of zoonotic fish parasites. This has led to the current European Union (EU) Regulation No 1276/2011 amending Annex III of Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 and mandating a freezing treatment of such products. Zoonotic parasites, particularly anisakid larvae, have been well documented in wild fish. Data on their presence in European aquaculture products, however, are still scarce, except for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), where the zoonotic risk was assessed as negligible, exempting it from freezing treatment. Aim To evaluate the zoonotic Anisakidae parasite risk in European farmed marine fish other than Atlantic salmon. Methods From 2016 to 2018 an observational parasitological survey was undertaken on 6,549 farmed fish including 2,753 gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), 2,761 European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and 1,035 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) from 14 farms in Italy, Spain and Greece. Furthermore, 200 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sea-caged in Denmark, as well as 352 seabream and 290 seabass imported in Italy and Spain from other countries were examined. Fish were subjected to visual inspection and candling. Fresh visceral organs/fillet samples were artificially digested or UV pressed and visually examined for zoonotic anisakid larvae. Results No zoonotic parasites were found in any of the fish investigated. Conclusions The risk linked to zoonotic Anisakidae in the examined fish species from European mariculture appears negligible. This study laid the groundwork for considerations to amend the current EU regulation.

Modelling parasite aggregation: disentangling statistical and ecological approaches

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith Yakob ◽  
Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães ◽  
Darren J. Gray ◽  
Gabriel Milinovich ◽  
Nicola Wardrop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Aggregation
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