From Microbiome to Inflammation: The Key Drivers of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Microbes and hosts form a mutually beneficial symbiosis relationship, and various parts of the host body are microbial habitats. Microbes can trigger inflammation in certain parts of the host body, contributing to cervical cancer development. This article reviews the relationship between cervicovaginal microbes, inflammation and cervical cancer, and discusses the effect of some key cervical microbes on cervical cancer. Finally, probiotic therapy and immunotherapy are summarized.

Exosome-associated host–pathogen interaction: a potential effect of biofilm formation

Exosomes being non-ionized micro-vesicles with a size range of 30–100 nm possess the ability to bring about intracellular communication and intercellular transport of various types of cellular components like miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. This is achieved through the targeted transmission of various inclusions to nearby or distant tissues. This is associated with the effective communication of information to bring about changes in physiological properties and functional attributes. The extracellular vesicles (EVs), produced by fungi, parasites, and bacteria, are responsible to bring about modulation/alteration of the immune responses exerted by the host body. The lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans of EVs derived from the pathogens act as the ligands of different families of pattern recognition receptors of the host body. The bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are responsible for the transfer of small RNA species, along with other types of noncoding RNA thereby playing a key role in the regulation of the host immune system. Apart from immunomodulation, the BMVs are also responsible for bacterial colonization in the host tissue, biofilm formation, and survival therein showing antibiotic resistance, leading to pathogenesis and virulence. This mini-review would focus on the role of exosomes in the development of biofilm and consequent immunological responses within the host body along with an analysis of the mechanism associated with the development of resistance.

Application of Exosomes-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Treatment of Fungal Diseases: From Basic to Clinical Sciences

Fungal diseases such as candidiasis are some of the deadliest diseases among immunocompromised patients. These fungi naturally exist on human skin and throughout the digestive system. When the microbiota balance becomes upset, these fungi become pathogenic and potentially lethal. At the pathogenesis of fungal diseases, host immune system response is diverse. At the early stages of fungal pathogenesis such as Candida albicans, it was shown that these fungi use the immune cells of the host body and cause malfunction the early induction of proinflammatory cytokines of the host body leading to a reduction in their numbers. However, at some stages of fungal diseases, the immune response is severe. Despite many treatments already being available, it seems that one of the best treatments could be an immune-stimulatory agent. Some of the subsets of MSCs and exosome-derived cells, as a cell-to-cell communicator agent, have many roles in the human body, including anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects. However, the TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs have been shown to have immune-stimulatory effects. These subsets of the MSCs produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. Thus, they could trigger inflammation and stop fungal pathogenesis. As some biological activities and molecules inherit elements of their exosomes from their maternal cells, the exosome-derived TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs could be a good candidate for fighting against fungal diseases. The applications of exosomes in human diseases are well-known and expanding. It is time to investigate the exosomes application in fungal diseases. In this review, the probable role of exosomes in treating fungal diseases is explored.

Observations on a Novel Bacterial Pathogen of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

A novel Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium (BN) was discovered in second-stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.). Mature bacteria showed a peculiar rod morphology characterized by four cells sequentially joined at septa. Mature rods measured 4–5 × 0.5–0.6 μm and were characterized by the emptying and tapering of both apical cells. The data showed an electron-dense external matrix forming a coating capsule involved in host attachment. The rods were not motile and packed in parallel inside the J2 body. After J2 penetration by adhering, germinating cells, the bacterium proliferated until the host body content was completely digested, producing a lethal disease. Parasitized hosts were recognized using light microscopy by a pale creamy-brown color assumed at parasitism completion. At death, the whole nematode body was filled with cells and only a few sclerotized esophageal structures (i.e., stylet, median bulb) remained visible. The BN cells were quickly released at host body rupture, suggesting that J2 infection occurs through passive adhesion of cells dispersed in soil. The bacterium appeared fastidious, as attempts to obtain pure cultures on common nutritive media failed.

Polyculture in fish farming as a method of preventing fish diseases

Methods of prevention of fish diseases are aimed at destroying parasites in the host body and in the fish habitat — in the reservoir (chemoprophylaxis, increasing fish resistance), at preventing parasites from entering the reservoir (limiting the import of fish, import of healthy fish, quarantine measures, etc.), as well as preventing their spread and entry into the host body. It is shown that polyculture is not only the most effective method of using the natural forage base of the reservoir and, as a result, increasing fish productivity, but also a means of preventing mass infectious and other fish diseases. To prevent mass infectious diseases of fish and death from them both in safe and unfavorable ponds of carp fish farms, it is advisable to grow other fish species together with carp that do not suffer from diseases peculiar to carp. As a result, so-called sparse species plantings of fish are created in the ponds, while the total biomass remains high. At the same time, the natural food supply of ponds is most fully used and a kind of biological buffer is created that prevents the emergence and spread of contagious diseases. Polyculture can play a particularly important role in pond farms that already have certain problems with rubella, filometroidosis, botryocephalosis, carp pox, etc. Long-term studies of breeding herds in pond farms have shown that most of them have single foci of diseases, which, if there are optimal conditions for the pathogen, are ready to immediately respond with an outbreak of the disease or are generally quarantined for a particular fish disease. When determining the objects of polyculture, it is necessary to reduce the proportion of fish species that have a significant number of common diseases.

Eupelmus messene Walker, 1839 and E. microzonus Förster, 1860 as parasitoids of Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae, Cynipidae)

In the southeast of European Russia, the gall wasp Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834) is attacked by ten parasitoid species, including Eupelmus (Eupelmus) microzonus Förster, 1860 and E. (Macroneura) messene Walker, 1839. Although both members of the genus Eupelmus Dalman, 1820 are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, they demonstrate different life-history strategies in respect to many bionomic features. Specifically, E. messene is represented by brachypterous thelytokous females which lay single eggs directly onto the host body. This species can parasitize both concealed and exposed larvae and pupae of A. hieracii, but fails to attack its primary parasitoids. On the contrary, arrhenotokous males and females of E. microzonus are fully winged. These parasitoids usually lay several eggs per host which are placed onto the wall of the host chamber and covered with a particular fibrous substance. E. microzonus never parasitizes pupae or exposed larvae, although it can readily attack concealed larvae of A. hieracii and its primary parasitoids. In addition, hibernating individuals of E. messene undergo obligatory larval diapause, but those of E. microzonus are able to develop without exposure to subzero temperatures. All these data collectively suggest that the former species is highly specialized to exploit A. hieracii as a host, whereas the latter one mostly exhibits the so-called morphotypical specialization. These different strategies allow E. messene and E. microzonus to coexist on the same host species, as a local specialist and a more or less evenly distributed generalist, respectively.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Transmisi Lokal Covid-19 Di Praktek Dokter Gigi

ABSTRACT The city of Wuhan is the city where the COVID-19 virus has been detected for the first time . This virus originates from the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae and has four genera, namely: (?-COV) ?-coronavirus, (?-cov) ?-coronavirus , (?-COV) ?-coronavirus, and (?-COV) ?coronavirus (Li et al., 2020). Transmission in a dentist's practice is very likely due to inhalation of Aerosols or droplets containing viruses. To prevent transmission in the dentist's practice, actions such as a dental doctor using PPE level 3, hand sanitizers are placed in each room to wait, Patients who come are required to wear a mask and check body temperature. The aim of the literature study on COVID-19 ini to find out about the outbreak and prevention of COVID-19 at the Dentist's Office . The conclusion of the literature study is that the cause of COVID-19 is SARS-COV2 which shows that the RNA virus has a sample (sheath) and is also a species of the genus ?-COV2. This virus has a diameter varies between 60-140 nm. The entry of the virus into the host body pitch hanging to the ability of ACE2 binds to the virus , wherein the receptor from the membrane extracellular expressed in epithelial cells. ABSTRAK Kota Wuhan merupakan kota yang pertama sekali terdeteksi adanya virus COVID-19. Virus ini berasal dari subfamily Orthocoronavirinae dan memiliki empat genus yaitu: (?-COV) ?-coronavirus, (?-cov )?-coronavirus ,(?-COV) ?-coronavirus ,dan (?-COV) ?coronavirus (Li et al., 2020). Penularan di Praktek Dokter Gigi sangat mungkin terjadi akibat terhirupnya Aerosol atau Droplet yang mengandung virus. Untuk mencegah terjadinya penularan di praktek dokter gigi dilakukan tindakan seperti dokter gigi menggunakan APD level 3, hand sanitizer diletakkan disetiap ruangan untuk tunggu, Pasien yang datang diwajibkan menggunakan maskernya serta mengecek suhu tubuh. Tujuan dari studi literatur mengenai COVID-19 ini untuk mengetahui penjangkitan serta pencegahan COVID-19 di Praktek Dokter Gigi. Kesimpulan studi literatur yaitu penyebab COVID-19 adalah SARS-COV2 yang menunjukkan virus RNA memiliki sample (selubung) dan juga merupakan spesies dari genus ?-COV. virus ini memiliki diameter bervariasi antara 60-140 nm. Masuknya virus ke dalam tubuh inang tergantung kepada kemampuan ACE2 berikatan dengan virus, dimana reseptor dari membran ekstra selular diekspresikan di sel epitel.

The Intertwined Life Histories and Transmission Ecologies of Plant, Arthropod, and Vertebrate Viruses

It remains poorly understood how the life history strategies and transmission ecologies of viruses of plants, arthropods, and vertebrates are interrelated. The present analysis hinges on the virus transmission success. Virus transmission reflects where in the host-body viruses are retained or replicating. Plants, arthropods, and vertebrates share a protective outer-layer, a circulatory system, and reproductive organs. The latter enables vertical virus transmission and associates with virus-host mutualism. Two broadly opposing virus life history strategies are considered. Acute viruses tend to be replicative and are swiftly transmitted to the next host. Instead, persistent viruses keep virus replicating costs and host damage to a minimum. The intertwined life histories and transmission ecologies are accordingly pieced together, based on the virus mono- or instead dual-host tropism, the location of virus retention or replication on or in the host-body, the presence of cyclical or mechanical transmission by arthropods, and of horizontal and vertical host-to-host transmission modes. It is shown that in the arthropod and in the vertebrate animal host, virus circulation in the hemocoel or blood circulation goes hand-in-hand with vertical transmission. Instead, plant phloem viruses do not transmit via seed. The latter is the rule for the plant-only viruses. The risk management implications are discussed in brief.

New Concept of Ocular Implications in COVID-19 Infection: A Brief Review

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a novel pneumonia-like respiratory disease caused by the infection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus can invade the human body through various intermediaries, including through the eye. The presence of a coronavirus invasion in the eye may cause several ocular manifestations, which can be an initial clinical finding of a coronavirus infection in the host body. On the other hand, it can also cause systemic complications that may affect the eyes. This review will discuss in more detail how the coronavirus can infect humans through the eye, explain its manifestations, and briefly explain the proper and prompt management steps that must be taken.

Predictions of Disease Risk in Space and Time Based on the Thermal Physiology of an Amphibian Host-Pathogen Interaction

Emerging infectious diseases have been responsible for declines and extinctions in a growing number of species. Predicting disease variables like infection prevalence and mortality and how they vary in space and time will be critical to understanding how host-pathogen dynamics play out in natural environments and will help to inform management actions. The pandemic disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated in declines in hundreds of amphibian species worldwide. We used field-collected measurements of host body temperatures and other physiological parameters to develop a mechanistic model of disease risk in a declining amphibian, the Northern cricket frog (Acris crepitans). We first used a biophysical model to predict host body temperatures across the species range in the eastern United States. We then used empirically derived relationships between host body temperature, infection prevalence and survival to predict where and when the risk of Bd-related declines is greatest. Our model predicts that pathogen prevalence is greatest, and survival of infected A. crepitans frogs is lowest, just prior to breeding when host body temperatures are low. Taken together, these results suggest that Bd poses the greatest threat to short-lived A. crepitans populations in the northern part of this host’s range and that disease-related recruitment failure may be common. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of mechanistic modeling approaches for predicting disease outbreaks and dynamics in animal hosts.