scholarly journals Evidence for Birch Bark Tar Use as an Adhesive and Decorative Element in Early Iron Age Central Italy: Technological and Socio-Economic Implications

Archaeometry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Morandi ◽  
S. N. Porta ◽  
E. Ribechini
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Decorative Element ◽  
Birch Bark Tar

III. Villanovan Veii

1961 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ward-Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City

The roads and gates described in the previous section are of very varied dates, and many of them were in use over a long period. They have been described first because they constitute the essential framework for any serious topographical study of Veii. Within this framework the city developed, and in this and the following sections will be found described, period by period, the evidence for that development, from the first establishment of Veii in Villanovan times down to its final abandonment in late antiquity.Whatever the precise relationship of the Villanovan to the succeeding phases of the Early Iron Age in central Italy in terms of politics, race or language, it is abundantly clear that it was within the Villanovan period that the main lines of the social and topographical framework of historical Etruria first took shape. Veii is no exception. Apart from sporadic material that may have been dropped by Neolithic or Bronze Age hunters, there is nothing from the Ager Veientanus to suggest that it was the scene of any substantial settlement before the occupation of Veii itself by groups of Early Iron Age farmers, a part of whose material equipment relates them unequivocally to the Villanovan peoples of coastal and central Etruria.

scholarly journals Birch bark tar and jewellery: The case study of a necklace from the Iron Age (Eckwersheim, NE France)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blandine Courel ◽  
Philippe Schaeffer ◽  
Clément Féliu ◽  
Yohann Thomas ◽  
Pierre Adam
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Birch Bark Tar

scholarly journals The Early Iron Age in South Italy

1907 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Peet
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Po Valley ◽  
South Italy ◽  
History Of

To theorize with regard to the development of South Italy in prehistoric times is at once easy and dangerous: easy because the ascertained facts to be accounted for are few, dangerous because the chance of new and disconcerting discoveries is greatest in an unexplored territory. At the same time the theory which is at present most widely held with regard to the early iron age in South Italy is not entirely convincing. Until recently the history of South Italy in pre-Roman times was almost a complete blank, no explanation being possible because there were no facts to be explained. But the discoveries at Torre del Mordillo, Spezzano Calabrese, Piedimonte d'Alife, Cuma, Suessola, and other places have lately provided a certain basis for construction. Very few attempts, however, have been made to supply the explanation of these data; indeed archaeologists were already well employed upon the far more copious material of Northern and Central Italy. But in 1899 interest in the south of the Peninsula was heightened by Quagliati's discovery of a terramara at Tarentum. To anyone who has examined the immense mass of material from this site there can be no particle of doubt that the terramara of Scoglio del Tonno at Tarentum is exactly identical in type with the terremare of the Po valley.

The earliest horse-bits of western Europe

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 425-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Balkwill
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

Within recent years, much attention has been focused on the earliest objects of harness which have long been noticed in the archaeological record. They are a matter of some importance in the perception of social structure from extant remains; Kossack (1954) presented strong arguments in favour of interpreting, in this manner, the early Hallstatt (Ha C) horse harness from Bavarian graves. Other major publications have since added to the picture of widespread, supposedly aristocratic adoption of harness and wagons in association with burial rite (northern and central Italy in the Early Iron Age, von Hase 1969; the Iberian peninsula in the same period, Schüle 1969; the Middle Danube to the Russian Steppes and to the Asian hinterland, Potratz 1966). Nor has the thesis of Gallus and Horvath (1939) been ignored, and the activities of ‘Thraco-Cimmerian’ cavalry still play a large part in the interpretation of west European horse harness. Already in 1954, however, Kossack observed the continuing elements of native, western Urnfield Europe in the entirely new combinations of grave-goods in Ha C and he indicated that the cheekpieces, while being modelled closely on the lines of preceding types found in the region of the Middle Danube, were, in fact, local variants chiefly concentrated in the graves of Bohemia and Bavaria. That western Europe had long had its own forms of cheekpiece was demonstrated by Thrane in 1963, yet the mouthpieces themselves have received no consolidated attention. This paper is an attempt to redress the balance, by gathering together the earliest metal bits in Europe west of Slovakia and Hungary, in order to see what light they throw on the problems of continuity and transition at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age.

scholarly journals Rings or daggers, axes or fibulae have a different composition? A multivariate study on Central Italy bronzes from eneolithic to early iron age

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Visco ◽  
Susanne H Plattner ◽  
Giuseppe Guida ◽  
Stefano Ridolfi ◽  
Giovanni E Gigante
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Multivariate Study

Funerary practices and sacerdotal rank in pre-Roman northern and central Italy: new data for interpreting the ‘ritual shovel’

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 312-326
Author(s):  
Federica Sacchetti
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Metal Object ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
Object A ◽  
Po Valley ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Ritual Practices

In Early Iron Age cultures (the Golasecca, Este and Villanovan/Etruscan of the Po valley in the 7th-4th c. B.C.), a characteristic metal object has often been linked to unspecified ritual practices of protohistoric Italic peoples, raising various archaeological, anthropological and religious questions. This object, a ‘ritual shovel’ (Italian: paletta rituale; German: Bronzepalette) was first described by G. Ghirardini, who published two examples, one from Padua and one in Rome's Pigorini Museum. In 1902, he drew up a catalogue of 13 pieces and attempted to establish the first chronological sequence. During the first half of the 19th c., various pieces were published, but no studies addressed the typological, chronological and functional questions relating to the ritual shovel until M. Zuffa focused on it, providing what is still the most recent catalogue and the only discussion (fig. 1).

The concentration and centralization of late prehistoric settlement in central Italy: the evidence from the Nepi Survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Rajala
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Gis Modelling ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article discusses the evidence for the concentration and centralization of late prehistoric settlement in central Italy, using the territory of Nepi as an example of settlement aggregation in southern Etruria. This example helps to explain the regional developments leading to urbanization and state formation in Etruria from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The article also publishes new sites with late prehistoric ceramic material from the Neolithic or Epineolithic to the Iron Age in the territory of Nepi found during the Nepi Survey Project. This new evidence is discussed together with previously published material, and presented as further evidence that the developments leading to the occupation of naturally defended sites in the Final Bronze Age had their origins in the Middle Bronze Age. Similarly, the analysis, aided by agricultural and GIS modelling, suggests that the hiatus in the settlement and its dislocation after an apparent break between the Final Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age may have been caused by population pressure. After the settlement aggregated in one centre at Nepi, there are signs of further expansion in the Iron Age.

Greek Pottery at Veii: Another Look

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 9-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Descœudres ◽  
Rosalinde Kearsley
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Greek Pottery

The significance of Greek chevron and pendent semicircle skyphoi to the dating of I, IIA, IIB, and III at Veii, and thus the dating of the early Iron Age in Central Italy, is discussed. A survey of examples of chevron skyphoi from Greece defines and dates the various probable centres of manufacture: Athens, Corinth, Cyclades, Euboea, Crete, Rhodes, East Greece, Argolid. The Veii chevron skyphoi are assigned to their probable places of origin, and a later date argued for them (IIA 780–730, IIB 750–710). The pendent semicircle skyphoi from Veii are described. The chronology and typology of the psc skyphoi in general are discussed. It is argued that the major production centres of the psc skyphoi had shifted to the east by the late Geometric period.

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