III. Villanovan Veii

1961 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ward-Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City

The roads and gates described in the previous section are of very varied dates, and many of them were in use over a long period. They have been described first because they constitute the essential framework for any serious topographical study of Veii. Within this framework the city developed, and in this and the following sections will be found described, period by period, the evidence for that development, from the first establishment of Veii in Villanovan times down to its final abandonment in late antiquity.Whatever the precise relationship of the Villanovan to the succeeding phases of the Early Iron Age in central Italy in terms of politics, race or language, it is abundantly clear that it was within the Villanovan period that the main lines of the social and topographical framework of historical Etruria first took shape. Veii is no exception. Apart from sporadic material that may have been dropped by Neolithic or Bronze Age hunters, there is nothing from the Ager Veientanus to suggest that it was the scene of any substantial settlement before the occupation of Veii itself by groups of Early Iron Age farmers, a part of whose material equipment relates them unequivocally to the Villanovan peoples of coastal and central Etruria.

The earliest horse-bits of western Europe

1973 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 425-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Balkwill
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Burial Rite

Within recent years, much attention has been focused on the earliest objects of harness which have long been noticed in the archaeological record. They are a matter of some importance in the perception of social structure from extant remains; Kossack (1954) presented strong arguments in favour of interpreting, in this manner, the early Hallstatt (Ha C) horse harness from Bavarian graves. Other major publications have since added to the picture of widespread, supposedly aristocratic adoption of harness and wagons in association with burial rite (northern and central Italy in the Early Iron Age, von Hase 1969; the Iberian peninsula in the same period, Schüle 1969; the Middle Danube to the Russian Steppes and to the Asian hinterland, Potratz 1966). Nor has the thesis of Gallus and Horvath (1939) been ignored, and the activities of ‘Thraco-Cimmerian’ cavalry still play a large part in the interpretation of west European horse harness. Already in 1954, however, Kossack observed the continuing elements of native, western Urnfield Europe in the entirely new combinations of grave-goods in Ha C and he indicated that the cheekpieces, while being modelled closely on the lines of preceding types found in the region of the Middle Danube, were, in fact, local variants chiefly concentrated in the graves of Bohemia and Bavaria. That western Europe had long had its own forms of cheekpiece was demonstrated by Thrane in 1963, yet the mouthpieces themselves have received no consolidated attention. This paper is an attempt to redress the balance, by gathering together the earliest metal bits in Europe west of Slovakia and Hungary, in order to see what light they throw on the problems of continuity and transition at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age.

scholarly journals Preliminary archaeological studies (surveys) on the project of the bypass road around Berezhany town

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 206-223
Author(s):  
Oleh Osaulchuk ◽  
Zoya Ilchyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

The article offers results of preliminary archaeological investigations, conducted by Scientific Research Center «Rescue Archaeological Service» (Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) in 2007 and 2017, prior to the construction project of the bypass road around Berezhany town in Ternopil region. It provides information concerning the newly discovered archeological sites as well as the elaboration of the obtainable data on formerly revealed sites in the surroundings of villages Lisnyky, Lapshyn, Hayok and Hlynovychi. According to archival and bibliographic data, archaeological surveys were previously conducted in 2006 by the expeditions of Mykhailo Filipchuk and Mykola Bandrivsky nearby villages Lapshyn and Hynovychi. However, the summaries of these surveys are insufficiently published and besides presenting the incoherent results, which cause some confusion in the number of sites. In 2007, expedition of Rescue Archaeological Service has re-examined the multi-layered settlement Hynovychi I, collecting the items from the Late Paleolithic to the Early Iron Age. Subsequent rescue archeological excavations were carried out in 2008 by the expedition led by Bohdan Salo. Ancient Rus settlement Hlynovychi III was discovered adjacent to the previous site. Around the village Lapshyn, additional archeological sites were discovered, namely Lapshyn III, IV, V, and VI, which behold several phases of the region’s inhabitants starting from the Paleolithic and until the Age of Principalities. Materials of Vysotsko and Chernyakhiv cultures are predominant on these sites. Four groups of barrows were located on the forested hills near village Lisnyky, named therefore Lisnyky I, II, III, and IV. They contain a total of 20 barrows, which could be dated to the Bronze Age. Altogether, the explorations of 2007 and 2017 has newly discovered or identified ten archaeological sites, including settlements and burrow necropolises. Seven previously known settlement were localized due to the updated information. As a result, the archeological map of the region was significantly supplemented, with the names and numbers of archaeological sites well-coordinated. Some of the ancient settlements and the barrow groups are located along the route of future bypass road, thus making it necessary to conduct preventive archaeological excavations. The results of intended studies will definitely clarify cultural and chronological identity of these sites. Key words: archeological surveys, preventive archeological studies, assessments of the impact on the archeological heritage, bypass road around Berezhany town, settlement, barrow group, Paleolithic, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Late Antiquity, Vysotsko culture, Chernyakhiv culture, Age of Principalities.

Stock Raising and the Origins of the Hill Fort on the South Downs

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe first part of this paper is a discussion of the basic pattern of land use on the South Downs from the Middle Bronze Age to the early Pre-Roman Iron Age. In the second part, the impact upon this pattern of a group of Bronze and Iron Age stock enclosures is considered, and it is argued that these developed directly into a number of small hill forts. A contemporary group of larger, early Iron Age, hill forts is also defined, and it appears that these too grew up upon an economic basis of stock raising. The social and cultural implications of these developments are discussed, and tentative contrasts are drawn with the nature of later hill forts in the region.

The concentration and centralization of late prehistoric settlement in central Italy: the evidence from the Nepi Survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Rajala
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Gis Modelling ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article discusses the evidence for the concentration and centralization of late prehistoric settlement in central Italy, using the territory of Nepi as an example of settlement aggregation in southern Etruria. This example helps to explain the regional developments leading to urbanization and state formation in Etruria from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The article also publishes new sites with late prehistoric ceramic material from the Neolithic or Epineolithic to the Iron Age in the territory of Nepi found during the Nepi Survey Project. This new evidence is discussed together with previously published material, and presented as further evidence that the developments leading to the occupation of naturally defended sites in the Final Bronze Age had their origins in the Middle Bronze Age. Similarly, the analysis, aided by agricultural and GIS modelling, suggests that the hiatus in the settlement and its dislocation after an apparent break between the Final Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age may have been caused by population pressure. After the settlement aggregated in one centre at Nepi, there are signs of further expansion in the Iron Age.

The Swedish Jordan Expedition 2009 and 2010 at Tall Abu al-Kharaz. Preliminary results from the Early Iron Age occupation in Area 9

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 165-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Fischer ◽  
Teresa Bürge ◽  
A. Gustafsson ◽  
J. Azzopardi
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Central Jordan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The City

Tall Abu al-Kharaz, in the central Jordan Valley, was occupied during approximately five millennia. A walled town, which had a dominant position in the Jordan Valley, existed already in the Early Bronze Age IB, viz. before 3050 BC. Walled settlements also flourished at the end of the Middle Bronze Age (around 1600 BC), during the Late Bronze Age (roughly 1500–1200 BC) and throughout the entire Iron Age (roughly 1200–600 BC). It is most likely that Tell Abu al-Kharaz is identical with Jabesh Gilead: this city is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament. During earlier seasons most of the Early Iron Age remains were found to have been disturbed by later settlers. It is, therefore, essential for the documentation of the settlement history of this city, that the expedition of 2009 unearthed an extremely well-preserved city quarter dating to the 12/11th century BC (according to high-precision radiocarbon dates). The excavations were extended in autumn 2010 and a stone-built, architectural compound was uncovered. Fourteen rooms (state October 2010), with walls still upright and standing to a height of more than 2 m, were exposed. The inventories of these rooms, which comprised more than one hundred complete vessels and other objects, were remarkably intact. Amongst the finds were numerous imports from Egypt and Lebanon. There are also finds which should be attributed to the Philistines, according to several Aegean-style vessels. The find context points to a hasty abandonment of the city. In the past, the beginning of the Iron Age has often been described as “the Dark Ages”—a period of cultural regression: this categorization is not relevant to the find situation at Tall Abu al-Kharaz where the remains of a wealthy society, which had far-reaching intercultural connections, can be identified.

RESEARCH INTO MULTI-LAYERED MULTICULTURAL COMPLEXES OF UPPER PRICHUMYSHYE: SITES IN THE ULUS AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Kungurov A. ◽  
◽  
KUNGUROVA O. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
The Creation

The Upper Prichumyshye is a region comprising two different orographic zones, the Biysk Chumysh highland and the Salair Ridge. Currently, it is one of the most studied archaeological microdistricts. The peculiarities of the Chumysh valley formation led to the creation of a valley-beam relief with a large number of expressive micro-valleys, capes and small tributaries. In different periods of history, the areas of the valley that were most convenient for living and implementation of appropriating and producing economy, were settled several times. The article presents materials that continue the cycle of publications devoted to the multi-layered archaeological sites of the Upper Prichumyshye (The Tselinnyi Region of the Altai Krai). The work characterizes the settlement of Ulus. This site contains cultural layers of the Upper Paleolithic era, the developed Bronze Age, the early Iron Age and the period of late antiquity. The materials are represented by stone tools, ceramics of various forms and ruined quarry burials of Andronian culture. Initially, the site was opened by the creator of the local museum v. Pobyeda P.F. Ryzhenko in the 50s of the last century. Keywords: Altai mountains, Upper Prichumyshye, archaeology, P.F. Ryzhenko, stone tools, burials, ceramics

The Dating of some Burials in Tumuli in South Albania

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. L. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
European Studies ◽  
Long Period ◽  
General Thesis ◽  
Second International

In May 1970 an Albanian delegation attended the Second International Congress of Southeast European Studies at Athens, and one of the delegates, Professor Frano Prendi, with his characteristic kindness, sent me copies of three Communications which were delivered to the Congress. As the illustrations in these Communications were of poor quality, he sent me two photographs from which two of the illustrations had been made. I reproduce these photographs here as Plates 34 and 35.The general thesis of the delegation was that the formation of the Illyrian ethnos in central and south Albania began at the end of the ‘Eneolithic’ period; that an autochthonous evolution followed which spanned the entire Bronze Age and continued into the Early Iron Age; and that during this long period the ‘Ur-Illyrians’, if I may style them so, had reciprocal exchanges with other people, but preserved their own ethnic character.

scholarly journals The Southeastern Sindica Frontier: The Raevskoye Fortified Settlement

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
A. A. Malyshev ◽  
V. S. Batchenko
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Long Period ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Political Center ◽  
History Of

The expansion of the Bosporan Kingdom (the interior colonization of Bosporus) was caused by the need for commercial grain in the Greek markets of the Mediterranean. The steep rise in the Bosporan rulers’ incomes followed the annexation of Sindica—one of the most fertile lands of the Northern Pontic region, situated in the Lower Kuban basin. This study discusses the history of the vast chora of the Greek Gorhippia in the southeastern fringes of Sindica, focusing on findings from a Bosporan fort—the Raevskoye fortified settlement. We reconstruct the evolution of the anthropogenic landscape of the area over four centuries (Hellenistic and Early Roman period). The chronology is based on a collection of Bosporan coins from the fortified settlement. We analyze the factors due to which the habitation layers of the fortified settlement span a period from the Early Bronze Age to the High Middle Ages. We provide a new topography of the Early Iron Age aboriginal site, along with that of the fortified site existing during the three Bosporan stages. Special attention is paid to the fortification system, arranged in the Hellenistic period. Studies in recent decades have suggested that the fortifications were constructed according to the typical Bosporan technique of adobe-stone architecture. The fortified settlement evolved over a long period as an economic and political center of a large borderland zone between the Greek civilization and the archaic societies of the Caucasian piedmonta peculiar frontier of the classical era.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF THE DONGAL SETTLEMENT IN THE KARAGANDA REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Loman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The City ◽  
Karaganda Region

The Dongal settlement is located 208 km southeast of the city of Karaganda, in the Kent mountains, on the left bank of the river Kyzylkenysh, a tributary of the river Taldy. The author carried out excavations of several dwellings of the settlement, thanks to which the structure of their walls and the features of the internal interior were established. The dwellings were rectangular in plan, corridor-shaped entrances and pentagonal hearths of stone slabs placed on the edge. The walls were furnished from the inside with flat stone slabs and were filled with ash. Tools made of stone and bone, a bronze rivet, and a fragment of a bronze knife were found in and around the dwellings. Based on the essential features of ornamentation and forms of clay vessels of the Dongal settlement, its architecture, the author singled out the Dongal type of sites dated from the time of the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. At the same time, the ornament and the technology of making ceramics have a certain similarity with the ceramic complex of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture (the Late Bronze Age), which indicates their genetic relationship.

scholarly journals Kinship, Marriage and Traces of Social Interaction - Aspects on the hunter-gatherer societies in northern Sweden during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Hans Bolin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Bronze Age

A central problem in the explanation and description of decentralized hunter-gatherer societies is what kind of traces different sorts of social interaction will leave in the archaeological material. It is here suggested that the distribution of asbestos-tempered ceramic ware in northern Sweden during the Bronze Age and early Iron Age was a result of the social interaction between different groups. The decoration on the cermic ware is suggested to represent traces of intermarriage relations. It is further argued that the hunter-gatherer societies were open to interaction with other groups and individuals.

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