scholarly journals What do we know about growth of vessel elements of secondary xylem in woody plants?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Miodek ◽  
Aldona Gizińska ◽  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Paweł Kojs
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vessel Elements

Geometric analysis of intrusive growth of wood fibres in Robinia pseudoacacia

IAWA Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna B. Wilczek ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wieslaw Wloch ◽  
Marcin Klisz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Geometric Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tangential Plane ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Growing Cell ◽  
Vessel Elements

ABSTRACTAll cell types of the secondary xylem arise from the meristematic cells (initials) of the vascular cambium and grow under mechanical constraints emerging from the circular-symmetrical geometry that characterises many tree trunks. The course of intrusive growth of cambial initials has been elucidated, but is yet to be described in the case of xylem fibres. This study explains the geometry of intrusive growth of the secondary xylem fibres in the trunk ofRobinia pseudoacacia.Long series of serial semi-thin sections of the vascular cambium and the differentiating secondary xylem were analysed. Since fibres grow in close vicinity to expanding cells of the derivatives of the vascular cambium, we assumed that they have similar growth conditions. Dealing with the cylindrical tissue of the vascular cambium in a previous study, we used a circularly symmetrical equation for describing the growth mechanism of cambial initials. Like the cambial initials, some of the cambial derivatives differentiating into the various cell types composing the secondary xylem also exhibit intrusive growth between the tangential walls of adjacent cells. As seen in cross sections of the cambium, intrusively growing initials form slanted walls by a gradual transformation of tangential (periclinal) walls into radial (anticlinal) walls. Similarly, the intrusive growth of xylem fibres manifests initially as slants, which are formed due to axial growth of the growing cell tips along the tangential walls of adjacent cells. During this process, the tangential walls of adjacent cells are partly separated and dislocated from the tangential plane. The final shape of xylem fibres, or that of vessel elements and axial parenchyma cells, depends upon the ratio of their intrusiveversussymplastic growths in the axial, circumferential and radial directions.

Wood Anatomy of Four Californian Mistletoe Species (Phoradendron, Viscaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa E.T.M. Ashworth ◽  
Gracielza Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Growth Features

Secondary xylem characteristics were compared in four species of Phoradendron Nutt. (Viscaceae) native to California. All have extremely short, thick-walled vessel elements with simple perforation plates. They also share high vessel density, radial vessel arrangement, thick-walled fibres, and multiseriate, heterocellular rays. The fibres show considerable intrusive growth. Features of the vessel elements (i.e. vessel dimensions, arrangement, type of wall sculpturing) and calcium oxalate crystals in the ray parenchyma cells are useful diagnostic traits to separate species. Grooved vessel walls are shared by the morphologically similar P. villosum and P. macrophyllum. Differences between these two species may reflect contrasting drought response strategies pursued by respective hosts. Vulnerability and mesomorphy ratios of the wood of P. californicum are higher than those of P. pauciflorum and P. macrophyllum. Phoradendron pauciflorum has the most xeromorphic wood of the four species studied.

scholarly journals Rescue and vegetative propagation of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish in natural stand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. C. Fonseca ◽  
T. A. Magalhães ◽  
L. A. Melo ◽  
L. S. Oliveira ◽  
G. E. Brondani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Phloem Parenchyma ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Silvicultural Practice

Abstract The native stands of ‘candeia’ (Eremanthus erythropappus) have been explored through management plans due to the economic potential of essential oil. The rescue of adult trees, as well as the application of silvicultural techniques that favor the restoration of the stand, can contribute to the genetic conservation of this species. This study’s objective was to assess the efficiency of propagation techniques for the rescue of 26 matrices of ‘candeia’ in a natural managed stand and discussion about the rhizogenesis. In August 2017, trees were induced to regrowth by coppice, followed by exposure and scarification of roots. The emergence of shoots and morphology were evaluated according to the origin (i.e., stump or root). After that period, 19 matrices had their sprouts collected for the preparation of apical cuttings. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was applied at the base of the cuttings. Cutting survival at greenhouse exit (GE), rooting at shade house exit (SHE), morphology and root anatomy were evaluated. In 189 days, the scarification of roots promoted 76.92% of budding. The percentage of sprouted matrices, number of shoots per matrice, length, diameter, and shoot length/diameter ratio increased over time. Only 12.2% of the cuttings survived in GE, and of these, 7.9% rooted in SHE. The cutting resulted in the formation of a clonal mini-garden of ‘candeia’, with seven of the 19 matrices submitted to propagation. The anatomical analyses showed that bud formation occurs from cell redifferentiation in the phloem parenchyma, and presence of crystals on the walls of the vessel elements of the secondary xylem. The shoots induction from scarification of roots could be used as a silvicultural practice for the reestablishment of the native fragments handle.

Characterization of indol-3-ylacetic acid in developing secondary xylem of 26 Canadian species by combined gas chromatography – mass spectrometry

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Savidge
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Purification Procedure ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ylacetic Acid

Using one purification procedure, endogenous indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA), a known regulator of vascular development in woody plants, was characterized by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in developing secondary xylem of 6 conifers, 16 hardwoods, and 4 additional species of woody plants indigenous to the northern temperate zone. The results suggest IAA may be ubiquitous throughout the Tracheophyta.

Morphology of the Vessel Elements in the Secondary Xylem of the Myristicaceae from Brazilian Amazonia

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. B. Lisboa ◽  
J. Cesar A. da Silva ◽  
A. A. Loureiro ◽  
Gracielza M. dos A. dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates

A morphological study of vessel elements was carried out in species representing the five genera of Myristicaceae present in the Brazilian Amazon region. The results show that perforation plates of the scalariform type predominate in Compsoneura, Iryanthera and Otoba, where as perforation plates of the simple type predominate in Osteophloeum and Virola. The phylogenetic and taxonomie implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Anatomía compara del tallo y de la raíz de las especies del género Neoevansia Marshall (Cactaceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Herrera-Cárdenas ◽  
Teresa Terrazas ◽  
Sofía Loza-Cornejo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Anatomical Characters

Anatomical characters of Neoevansia species were studied to gain insight in their contribution to the systematics of the genus. Characters of the dermal, fundamental, and vascular systems of the stem and root were evaluated and compared with severl species of Peniocereus, Wilcoxia, and Echinocereus. The results revealed that N. striata is characterized by a noncollenchymatous unistratified hypodermis and alternate intervascular pits in vessel elements in the secondary xylem; while N. lazaro-cardenasii and N. zopilotensis can be distinguished by their epidermic cell size and hypodermis width. The increment in volume in Neoevansia tuberous roots is mainly related to cell divisions in rays. Neoevansia lazaro-cardenasii, N. zopilotensis, and N. striata share with Peniocereus the fibrous wood and the phloem fiber cap. The results support the proposals of several authors to transfer the species of Neoevansia to the genus Peniocereus

Wood Anatomy of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s.l.)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Heklau ◽  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Fritz Schweingruber ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Extreme Habitats

The wood anatomy of the Chenopodiaceae is distinctive and fairly uniform. The secondary xylem is characterised by relatively narrow vessels (<100 μm) with mostly minute pits (<4 μm), and extremely narrow vessels (<10 μm intergrading with vascular tracheids in addition to “normal” vessels), short vessel elements (<270 μm), successive cambia, included phloem, thick-walled or very thick-walled fibres, which are short (<470 μm), and abundant calcium oxalate crystals. Rays are mainly observed in the tribes Atripliceae, Beteae, Camphorosmeae, Chenopodieae, Hablitzieae and Salsoleae, while many Chenopodiaceae are rayless. The Chenopodiaceae differ from the more tropical and subtropical Amaranthaceae s.str. especially in their shorter libriform fibres and narrower vessels. Contrary to the accepted view that the subfamily Polycnemoideae lacks anomalous thickening, we found irregular successive cambia and included phloem. They are limited to long-lived roots and stem borne roots of perennials (Nitrophila mohavensis) and to a hemicryptophyte (Polycnemum fontanesii). The Chenopodiaceae often grow in extreme habitats, and this is reflected by their wood anatomy. Among the annual species, halophytes have narrower vessels than xeric species of steppes and prairies, and than species of nitrophile ruderal sites.

scholarly journals Wood anatomy of Laguncularia racemosa (Combretaceae) in mangrove and transitional forest, Southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Jantsch ◽  
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior ◽  
Maick Willian Amorim ◽  
Letícia Larcher ◽  
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Laguncularia Racemosa ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
Transitional Forest

Mangroves represent an environment of great heterogeneity and low diversity of plant species that have structural and physiological adaptations linked to a high salinity environment. Laguncularia racemosa is a typical tree species in mangroves and transitional zones. This study aimed to compare the wood anatomy of L. racemosa (Combretaceae) in two different forests (mangroves and transitional forests), which have different soil conditions. For this, we obtained wood and soil samples in March 2016. We analyzed soil nutritional contents in one 15 cm deep soil sample per forest type. In addition, we selected five mangrove trees in each formation for wood anatomy analysis and took one wood sample per individual, per area. We prepared histological slides and separated materials following standard methods for wood anatomy studies. Soil analysis showed that mangrove soils had higher phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents. The transitional soil had lower pore water salinity and soil pH, probably due to high aluminum levels. Anatomical attributes differed between different forest populations. In the different wood aspects evaluated, we obtained higher values in mangrove individuals when compared to the transitional forest population: vessel elements length (375.79 mm), tangential vessels diameter (75.85 mm), frequency of vessels (11.90 mm) and fiber length (889.89 mm). Moreover, parenchyma rays height was larger in the samples of the transitional forest (392.80 mm), while the mangrove population presented wider rays (29.38 mm). The structure of the secondary xylem in the studied species apparently responds to edaphic parameters and shows variations that allow it to adjust to the environmental conditions. The population of the transitional forest showed a secondary xylem that invests more in protection than the mangrove population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 647-657. Epub 2018 June 01. 

scholarly journals Morphoanatomy and histochemistry analyses of cassava roots do not discriminate resistant from susceptible genotypes to soft root rot

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonny Lucio Sousa SILVA ◽  
Elisa Ferreira MOURA ◽  
Fernanda ILKIU-BORGES ◽  
Jessivaldo Rodrigues GALVÃO ◽  
João Tomé de FARIAS-NETO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The North ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Sudan Iv ◽  
Histochemical Tests

ABSTRACT Cassava is an important culture in Brazil and in the North of the country, and soft root rot has affected root production. The aim of this work was to identify root morphoanatomic and histochemical characters associated with root rot resistance. In areas with no occurrence of the disease, nine cassava genotypes were tested, four of which were resistant, and five were susceptible to root rot. Root harvest was carried out twelve months after sowing, and thickness of suber, suber and cortex, and secondary xylem were measured. Moreover, texture, suber cell layers, lignin content, and lignin monomers content of the portion suber and cortex were analyzed. Also, histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the roots were performed. Results were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤0.05). The characters thickness of suber and cortex at proximal and medium portions, thickness of secondary xylem at medium and apical portions, number of cell layers of suber, thickness of suber, and root texture showed differences among genotypes; however, the characters could not be associated with resistance or susceptibility. There were no differences for: vessel elements, lignin and lignin monomers, and for the histochemical tests with Sudan IV and Lugol. Images of SEM showed differences among genotypes, which could not be associated with resistance or susceptibility. Thus, the characters evaluated cannot be used in selection for cassava resistance to soft root rot in genetic breeding programs.

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