Wood Anatomy of Four Californian Mistletoe Species (Phoradendron, Viscaceae)

Secondary xylem characteristics were compared in four species of Phoradendron Nutt. (Viscaceae) native to California. All have extremely short, thick-walled vessel elements with simple perforation plates. They also share high vessel density, radial vessel arrangement, thick-walled fibres, and multiseriate, heterocellular rays. The fibres show considerable intrusive growth. Features of the vessel elements (i.e. vessel dimensions, arrangement, type of wall sculpturing) and calcium oxalate crystals in the ray parenchyma cells are useful diagnostic traits to separate species. Grooved vessel walls are shared by the morphologically similar P. villosum and P. macrophyllum. Differences between these two species may reflect contrasting drought response strategies pursued by respective hosts. Vulnerability and mesomorphy ratios of the wood of P. californicum are higher than those of P. pauciflorum and P. macrophyllum. Phoradendron pauciflorum has the most xeromorphic wood of the four species studied.

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Wood Anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 399-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽

Sung Jae Lee ◽

Pieter Baas

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

New Combination ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Perforation Plate ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomical data for all three extant genera of the Altingiaceae and 23 of the 27 extant genera of the Hamamelidaceae were compiled in an effort to find features distinctive to genera, tribes, or subfamilies within these families. All genera studied have diffuse porous wood (except Corylopsis which tends to be semi-ring porous), vessels are predominantly solitary and narrow (<100 μm, usually <50 μm) and angular in outline, vessel elements are long (>800 μm) with scalariform perforation plates with average bar numbers of 9–44, intervessel pits are mainly scalariform to opposite, vessel-ray parenchyma pits are scalariform with slightly reduced borders and usually are in the square to upright marginal ray parenchyma cells, rays are heterocellular and narrow, usually 1–3-seriate. Although the wood anatomy of both families is relatively homogeneous, it is possible to key out many genera using a combination of qualitative (presence/absence and location of helical thickenings in vessel elements and fibers, crystal occurrence, axial parenchyma abundance, degree of ray heterogeneity) and quantitative features (number of bars per perforation plate and ray width). Helical thickenings are present throughout the vessel elements in three genera (Loropetalum, Altingia, Semiliquidambar) and are restricted to the vessel element tails in two genera (Corylopsis, Liquidambar). Loropetalum has helical thickenings in ground tissue fibers as well. Axial parenchyma abundance varies from scarce to relatively abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates. One clade of the tribe Fothergilleae (Distylium, Distyliopsis, Sycopsis, Shaniodendron, Parrotia, Parrotiopsis) has more abundant axial parenchyma and is characterized by narrow, usually interrupted bands of apotracheal parenchyma. Nearly exclusively uniseriate rays occur in some species of Hamamelis and in Exbucklandia, Chunia, Dicoryphe, and Fothergilla. These data on extant Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae not only provide information relevant for systematic, phylogenetic and ecological wood anatomy and wood identification, but also give context for reviewing the fossil woods assigned to them. A new combination is proposed for the Miocene Liquidambar hisauchii (Watari) Suzuki & Watari from Japan: Altingia hisauchii (Watari) Wheeler, Baas & Lee.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000026 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 313-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽

Cátia H. Callado ◽

Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽

Cecilia G. Costa

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Bordered Pits ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Square Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

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Stem Development, Medullary Bundles, and Wood Anatomy of Croton Glandulosus Var. Septentrionalis (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001342 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 51-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sheila M. Hayden ◽

W. John Hayden

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Sieve Tube ◽

Secondary Phloem ◽

Stages Of Growth ◽

Inverted Orientation ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Stem Development ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Internal Phloem

Anatomy and development of vascular tissues in the annual stems of Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis are described. In primary stages of growth the stem possesses a eustele of bicollateral bundles; internal phloem is notably more extensive than the external. In addition to a vascular cambium and secondary xylem that form in the usual fashion, additional cambia add cells to the internal phloem portion of the bicollateral bundles, forming well-marked medullary bundles at the perimeter of the pith. At first, the perimedullary cambial strands produce only internal secondary phloem; later, internal secondary xylem is also formed in some stems. When internal secondary xylem is present, the medullary bundles have an inverted orientation, i.e., phloem innermost (towards centre of pith) and xylem outermost (near protoxylem). Cells of the medullary bundles include sieve tube elements, vessel ekments, and fibres. Normal (external) secondary phloem is weakly developed. Normal secondary xylem contains short vessel elements with simple perforation plates and alternate intervascular pits, libriform fibres, narrow heterocellular rays, and lacks axial parenchyma.

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Distinctive wood anatomy of the root-parasitic family Lennoaceae (Boraginales)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20170153 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 3-12

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist ◽

C. Matt Guilliams

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

High Water ◽

Tracheary Elements ◽

Crown Group ◽

Vessel Lumen ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Desert Areas ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Large Primary

The four species of Lennoaceae have strands of primary plus secondary xylem in a background of starch-rich parenchyma. These strands constitute a cylinder with large primary rays. The wood within these strands is markedly different from that of other families in the crown group of Boraginales such as Cordiaceae and Ehretiaceae, most of which are woody. Lennoaceae differ because they lack fibrous cells (libriform fibers), lack rays within the vascular strands, and have markedly elliptical vessel-to-vessel pits without vestures. Lennoaceae have secondary xylem with short, wide vessel elements with thick walls, horizontally elongate elliptical pits, simple perforation plates much narrower than the vessel lumen; variously uneven vessel wall thickenings; and axial parenchyma. The wood of Lennoaceae shows resemblances to unrelated succulents such as Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and Lithops (Aizoaceae). The vessel features also suggest adaptation to high water tensions as root parasites in desert areas, whereas the lack of imperforate tracheary elements may relate to support of the underground stem portions by sand or rock detritus. Habit and ecology are more important in the architecture of lennoaceous xylem than systematic affinities. The four species of Lennoaceae differ from each other in minor xylary features.

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Ray Structure in Root- and Stem-Wood of Larix Decidua: Implications for Root Identification and Function

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000166 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 17-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Pat Denne ◽

Peter Gasson

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Larix Decidua ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽

And Function

Differences in ray structure between root- and stem-wood of softwoods can cause confusion in identifying roots using keys based on stem-wood anatomy. Comparison of root- and stem-wood rays of Larix decidua showed root-wood had fewer ray tracheids, taller, wider but shorter ray parenchyma cells, and larger cross-field pits than stem-wood. The implications of these differences are considered in relation to the identification and function of roots.

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Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

Ciência e Natura ◽

10.5902/2179460x25024 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

José Newton Cardoso Marchiori

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Microscopic Anatomy ◽

Physiological Aspect ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

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Wood functional anatomy of Chiococca alba Hitch. (Rubiaceae) from cerrado

Acta Biológica Catarinense ◽

10.21726/abc.v4i1.365 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Junior ◽

Maick William Amorim ◽

Gustavo Borda De Oliveira ◽

Celso Voos Vieira

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Functional Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Great Resistance ◽

Transport Efficiency ◽

Anatomical Analysis ◽

Ecological Aspects ◽

Perforation Plates

The wood anatomy is able to evidence systematic and ecological aspects associated with the evolution and functionality of the secondary xylem. The present study was carried out using wood of Chiococca alba (Rubiaceae) from cerrado (savannah), to describe its anatomy and to verify if the hydraulic architecture of this species corroborates the theory that postulates the functional tendency that optimizes the transport efficiency associated with safety. The anatomical analysis followed the conventional protocols of wood anatomy. Different indexes of wood hydraulics quantification were calculated, such as solitary vessels index, vessel grouping, conductivity, vessel collapse, theoretical resistance to vessel implosion and mesomorphism. The structural characteristics described for C. alba are in agreement with the general anatomical descriptions for the Rubiaceae family that relate the presence of exclusively solitary vessels and small diameter, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, apotracheal parenchyma in species with non-septate fibers and narrow and heterogeneous rays. The calculated indexes showed that C. alba is a xerophyte species with great resistance to the collapse of the vessels during the transport of water, little vulnerability to embolism and relative efficiency in the transport when compared to other species of its subfamily (Cinchonoideae) in function of the typical low water availability of the savannah soil.

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INHIBITION OF WATER CONDUCTIVITY CAUSED BY WATERMARK DISEASE IN SALIX SACHALINENSIS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000236 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 49-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yasuaki Sakamoto ◽

Yuzou Sano

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

High Moisture ◽

Water Conductivity ◽

X Ray ◽

Salix Sachalinensis ◽

Water Conduction ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

High Moisture Level ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

Water conduction and wood anatomy of Salix sachalinensis attacked by watermark disease were investigated. The internal symptom, the watermark, appeared as a brown to brown-black stained zone in sapwood. Dye injection tests revealed that water conduction did not take place in the watermark. However, soft X-ray photography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed that the watermark had a high moisture level. In the watermark, some of the vessels were plugged with tyloses and masses of bacteria, and some of the ray parenchyma cells caused necrosis. Hence, the non-conductive watermark in sapwood can be considered similar to discoloured wood or wetwood.

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Geometric analysis of intrusive growth of wood fibres in Robinia pseudoacacia

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20170204 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 191-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna B. Wilczek ◽

Muhammad Iqbal ◽

Wieslaw Wloch ◽

Marcin Klisz

Keyword(s):

Secondary Xylem ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽

Geometric Analysis ◽

Cell Types ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Tangential Plane ◽

Intrusive Growth ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Growing Cell ◽

Vessel Elements

ABSTRACTAll cell types of the secondary xylem arise from the meristematic cells (initials) of the vascular cambium and grow under mechanical constraints emerging from the circular-symmetrical geometry that characterises many tree trunks. The course of intrusive growth of cambial initials has been elucidated, but is yet to be described in the case of xylem fibres. This study explains the geometry of intrusive growth of the secondary xylem fibres in the trunk ofRobinia pseudoacacia.Long series of serial semi-thin sections of the vascular cambium and the differentiating secondary xylem were analysed. Since fibres grow in close vicinity to expanding cells of the derivatives of the vascular cambium, we assumed that they have similar growth conditions. Dealing with the cylindrical tissue of the vascular cambium in a previous study, we used a circularly symmetrical equation for describing the growth mechanism of cambial initials. Like the cambial initials, some of the cambial derivatives differentiating into the various cell types composing the secondary xylem also exhibit intrusive growth between the tangential walls of adjacent cells. As seen in cross sections of the cambium, intrusively growing initials form slanted walls by a gradual transformation of tangential (periclinal) walls into radial (anticlinal) walls. Similarly, the intrusive growth of xylem fibres manifests initially as slants, which are formed due to axial growth of the growing cell tips along the tangential walls of adjacent cells. During this process, the tangential walls of adjacent cells are partly separated and dislocated from the tangential plane. The final shape of xylem fibres, or that of vessel elements and axial parenchyma cells, depends upon the ratio of their intrusiveversussymplastic growths in the axial, circumferential and radial directions.

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Wood Anatomy of Bhesa Sinica (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001144 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 57-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhang Xinying ◽

Pieter Baas ◽

Alberta M. W. Mennega

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

The Other ◽

Anatomical Character ◽

The Family ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Ray Parenchyma ◽

Ray Parenchyma Cells

The wood anatomy of Bhesa sinica (Chang ' Liang) Chang ' Liang, the only species of the genus occurring in China, is described in detail and compared with other Celastraceae. Bhesa sinica closely resembles other species of the genus, in e. g. vessels mainly in radial multiples, exclusively scalariform perforations, large and (almost) simple vessel-ray pits; parenchyma in fine irregular bands, in long (over 8-celled) strands; thick-walled, non septate libriform fibres; 1-5-seriate heterocellular rays, and prismatic crystals in chambered axial and ray parenchyma cells. This combination of characters is not known to occur in any of the other genera of the Celastraceae, and most individual wood anatomical character states of Bhesa are also unusual within the family. The isolated position of the genus in the Celastraceae is discussed.

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