Tissue Doppler Myocardial Velocity Imaging in Infants and Children-a Window into Developmental Changes of Myocardial Mechanics

Biomarkers are commonly used in clinical care and research as indicators of diseases and physiological states. Preferably, a biomarker should be readily accessible, low in cost, easy to interpret, highly specific, and sensitive to health and disease. Owing to the complexity of the pain system, no unidimensional reliable biomarker for pain has been identified that meets all of these criteria to date. In children, neurologically dependent developmental changes, maturation of physiological stress reactivity systems, and life experience add additional layers of complexity to the use of biomarkers of pain. Nevertheless, readily available and reliable biomarkers reflecting function of the pain system would greatly enhance timely and appropriate understanding and treatment of pain, especially in infants and children with communication, cognitive, and motor disabilities. This chapter examines currently available pain-related biomarkers, their use, and limitations.

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Biomarkers of pain: physiological indices of pain reactivity in infants and children

Oxford Textbook of Paediatric Pain ◽

10.1093/med/9780199642656.003.0038 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 391-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susanne Brummelte ◽

Tim F. Oberlander ◽

Kenneth D. Craig

Keyword(s):

Health Research ◽

Clinical Work ◽

Paediatric Population ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

Work Health ◽

Delayed Maturation ◽

In Infants And Children ◽

Physiological Systems

Biomarkers are common in all areas of clinical work, health research, and are critical indicators of diseases and physiological states. Preferably, a biomarker should be non-invasively accessible, low in cost, highly specific, sensitive, and easy to interpret. Due to the complexity of the pain system, no unidimensional reliable biomarker for pain has been identified to date. Developmental changes and delayed maturation of the involved physiological systems add another layer of complexity to the use of biomarkers in the paediatric population. Nevertheless, readily available and reliable biomarkers of pain would greatly enhance timely and appropriate treatment of pain, especially in infants and verbally or cognitively challenged children. This chapter examines currently available markers, their use, and limitations.

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Developmental changes in social attention and oxytocin levels in infants and children

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-017-02368-x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Minaho Nishizato ◽

Takashi X. Fujisawa ◽

Hirotaka Kosaka ◽

Akemi Tomoda

Keyword(s):

Social Attention ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

In Infants And Children

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Short latency SEPs in infants and children: Developmental changes and maturational index of SEPs

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section ◽

10.1016/0168-5597(86)90013-4 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 335-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Yutaka Tomita ◽

Satoko Nishimura ◽

Tomoko Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Short Latency ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

In Infants And Children

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Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood ◽

10.1044/hhdc25.1.15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan W. McCreery ◽

Elizabeth A. Walker ◽

Meredith Spratford

Keyword(s):

Hard Of Hearing ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Case Examples ◽

Hearing Aid Use ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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