Biomarkers of pain in infants and children

Biomarkers are commonly used in clinical care and research as indicators of diseases and physiological states. Preferably, a biomarker should be readily accessible, low in cost, easy to interpret, highly specific, and sensitive to health and disease. Owing to the complexity of the pain system, no unidimensional reliable biomarker for pain has been identified that meets all of these criteria to date. In children, neurologically dependent developmental changes, maturation of physiological stress reactivity systems, and life experience add additional layers of complexity to the use of biomarkers of pain. Nevertheless, readily available and reliable biomarkers reflecting function of the pain system would greatly enhance timely and appropriate understanding and treatment of pain, especially in infants and children with communication, cognitive, and motor disabilities. This chapter examines currently available pain-related biomarkers, their use, and limitations.

Impact of infusion therapy programs on homeostasis indicators in patients suffering from shockogenic trauma from the point of view of statistical reliability

From the point of view of statistical reliability, the influence of various infusion therapy programs on homeostasis indicators of patients suffering from shockogenic trauma is considered. It has been revealed that when entering the intensive care and intensive care department in patients suffering from severe traumatic shock, against the background of algorithms of anti-shock measures at the pre-emergency and hospital stages there are significant individual intervals of examined homeostasis parameters, which indicates expressed personalized disorders of indicators of reflecting function of organs and systems of patients. The variation in the canonical space of the investigated parameters in patients increased after 12 hours, after admission to the intensive care and resuscitation department. Anti-shock therapy contributed to the fact that the distribution of patients of all three groups in the canonical space after the first 24 hours was dynamically compacted, indicating a decrease in differences between patients of each group during the treatment process. Cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling revealed the multilateral dynamics of the relationship between independent variables in various infusion therapy programmes. When patients were admitted to the intensive care and intensive care unit, almost the same orientation of the features of connections between independent variables was noted, however, their polarity was recorded during the treatment process. This shows that the infusion therapy program in patients suffering from severe traumatic shock should be carried out taking into account the dynamics of individual disorders of the investigated homeostasis parameters. It has been statistically proven that different infusion therapy programs have very different effects on homeostasis rates. The use of sterofundin isotonic and 4% modified gelatin in this category of patients has been proven to be the most effective and safe volemic recovery scheme.

Admissible Perturbations of the Lorenz-84 Climate Model

The set of admissible perturbations have been obtained for the Lorenz-84 climate model. Reflecting functions of the set of admissible perturbed systems and the Lorenz-84 system coincide. This allows for investigating the admissible perturbed systems using outcomes of researches of the well-known Lorenz-84 climate model and the theory of reflecting function.

Perturbations of the Lanford System Which Do Not Change the Reflecting Function

For the Lanford system the set of admissible perturbations have been obtained. Reflecting functions of the set of admissible perturbed systems and the Lanford system coincide. This allows for investigating the admissible perturbed systems using outcomes of researches of the well-known Lanford system and the theory of reflecting function.

On the Equivalence of Differential Equations in the Sense of Coincidence Reflecting Functions

We use a new method for constructing some differential equations which are equivalent to a given equation in the sense of having the same reflecting function. We completely solve the problem: when is a polynomial differential equation equivalent to a given polynomial differential equation? Many sufficient conditions have been established for one differential equation to be equivalent to a given differential equation. We apply the obtained results to study the boundary value problem of two equivalent differential equations.