scholarly journals Multiple roles for laccase2 in butterfly wing pigmentation, scale development, and cuticle tanning

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-341
Author(s):  
Ceili L. Peng ◽  
Anyi Mazo‐Vargas ◽  
Benjamin J. Brack ◽  
Robert D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Wing Pigmentation

scholarly journals Multiple roles for laccase2 in butterfly wing pigmentation, scale development, and cuticle tanning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceili L. Peng ◽  
Anyi Mazo-Vargas ◽  
Benjamin J. Brack ◽  
Robert D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Melanin Pigmentation ◽  
Lepidopteran Insect ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Nymphalid Butterfly ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Wing Scales

ABSTRACTLepidopteran wing scales play important roles in a number of functions including color patterning and thermoregulation. Despite the importance of wing scales, however, we still have a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie scale patterning, development, and coloration. Here we explore the function of the phenoloxidase-encoding gene laccase2 in wing and scale development in the nymphalid butterfly Vanessa cardui. Somatic deletion mosaics of laccase2 generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing presented several distinct mutant phenotypes. Consistent with work in other non-lepidopteran insect groups, we observed reductions in melanin pigmentation and defects in cuticle formation. We were also surprised, however, to see distinct effects on scale development including complete loss of wing scales. This work highlights laccase2 as a gene that plays multiple roles in wing and scale development and provides new insight into the evolution of lepidopteran wing coloration.

Multiple Benefits Analysis of Energy Storage with the Application in Large Enterprises

2013 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 679-684
Author(s):  
Chun Wang ◽  
Ji Lei Ye ◽  
Jin Hua Xue ◽  
Xiang Wen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Enterprises

The high cost and low benefit of energy storage are affecting its large-scale development. In this paper, the economical status of ESS in different occasions is summarized. To explore multiple benefits of ESS, the cost/benefits using diesel generator or ESS are both calculated in large enterprises. The results show that ESS will play multiple roles in large enterprises and bring economical and environmental benefits. Therefore, we should be in search of proper business model by reducing cost and dig more benefits to promote the development of ESS.

Microchemistry of ZnO Varistors

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1694-1695
Author(s):  
K. K. Soni ◽  
J. Hwang ◽  
V. P. Dravid ◽  
T. O. Mason ◽  
R. Levi-Setti
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Grain Boundary Engineering ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
Dopant Distribution ◽  
Important Ingredient ◽  
Zno Varistor ◽  
Zno Varistors ◽  
Zno Powder ◽  
The University

ZnO varistors are made by mixing semiconducting ZnO powder with powders of other metal oxides e.g. Bi2O3, Sb2O3, CoO, MnO2, NiO, Cr2O3, SiO2 etc., followed by conventional pressing and sintering. The non-linear I-V characteristics of ZnO varistors result from the unique properties that the grain boundaries acquire as a result of dopant distribution. Each dopant plays important and sometimes multiple roles in improving the properties. However, the chemical nature of interfaces in this material is formidable mainly because often trace amounts of dopants are involved. A knowledge of the interface microchemistry is an essential component in the ‘grain boundary engineering’ of materials. The most important ingredient in this varistor is Bi2O3 which envelopes the ZnO grains and imparts high resistance to the grain boundaries. The solubility of Bi in ZnO is very small but has not been experimentally determined as a function of temperature.In this study, the dopant distribution in a commercial ZnO varistor was characterized by a scanning ion microprobe (SIM) developed at The University of Chicago (UC) which offers adequate sensitivity and spatial resolution.

Three Conceptual Impediments to Developing Scale Theory for Formative Scales

Methodology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Markus
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Item Bias ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Underlying Theory ◽  
Standard Scale ◽  
Item Scores

Abstract. Bollen and colleagues have advocated the use of formative scales despite the fact that formative scales lack an adequate underlying theory to guide development or validation such as that which underlies reflective scales. Three conceptual impediments impede the development of such theory: the redefinition of measurement restricted to the context of model fitting, the inscrutable notion of conceptual unity, and a systematic conflation of item scores with attributes. Setting aside these impediments opens the door to progress in developing the needed theory to support formative scale use. A broader perspective facilitates consideration of standard scale development concerns as applied to formative scales including scale development, item analysis, reliability, and item bias. While formative scales require a different pattern of emphasis, all five of the traditional sources of validity evidence apply to formative scales. Responsible use of formative scales requires greater attention to developing the requisite underlying theory.

Mental health effects of women's multiple roles.

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Barron McBride
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Mental Health Effects

Review of Scale Development: Theory and Applications.

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-385
Author(s):  
Terri Gullickson
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Development Theory
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