A Review of The Sundanese Scale Theory

This article aims to discuss Kusumadinata’s scale theory in Sundanese music which has been taught in educational institutions in West Java, Indonesia. According to Kusumadinata’s scale theory, sorog and pelog are scales derived from salendro scale in gamelan salendro performance. In my previous research, I investigated three genres of Sundanese performing arts which have existed since the Hindu era, namely goong renteng, pantun, and tarawangsa. The results indicate that the pelog scale has independently existed since the Hindu era. Then, I analyzed the phenomenon that occurs in the gamelan salendro performance, i.e., its melody (rebab and vocals) conventionally modulate into scale ‘like sorog’, occasionally into scale ‘like pelog’. In contrast, the instruments of gamelan are in the salendro scale. However, the analysis on the sorog in the previous research was not enough, so that in this paper, I will focus on the sorog. To find out the relationship between melody (vocal and rebab) and gamelan instruments, I examined the actual performances of gamelan salendro and wayang golek purwa. It became clear that the salendro scale derives four types of sorog. The findings of this study indicate that sorog has existed since the 19th century by this phenomenon, and the scale now called sorog is a scale derived from salendro.

Primordial Black Holes And Gravitational Waves Based On No-Scale Supergravity

In this paper we present a class of models in order to explain the production of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) and Gravitational Waves (GWs) in the Universe. These models are based on no-scale theory. By breaking the SU(2,1)/SU(2)×U(1) symmetry we fix one of the two chiral fields and we derive effective scalar potentials which are capable of generating PBHs and GWs. As it is known in the literature there is an important unification of the no-scale models, which leads to the Starobinsky effective scalar potential based on the coset SU(2,1)/SU(2)×U(1). We use this unification in order to additionally explain the generation of PBHs and GWs. Concretely, we modify well-known superpotentials, which reduce to Starobinsky-like effective scalar potentials. Thus, we derive scalar potentials which, on the one hand, explain the production of PBHs and GWs and, on the other hand, they conserve the transformation laws, which yield from the parametrization of the coset SU(2,1)/SU(2)×U(1) as well as the unification between the models which are yielded this coset. We numerically evaluate the scalar power spectra with the effective scalar potential based on this theory. Furthermore, we evaluate the fractional abundances of PBHs by comparing two methods the Press–Schechter approach and the peak theory, while focusing on explaining the dark matter in the Universe. By using the resulting scalar power spectrum we evaluate the amount of GWs. All models are in complete consistence with Planck constraints.

Description of the liquid-vapor phase equilibrium line of pure substances within the bounds of scale theory based on the Clapeyron equation

On the basis of the Clapeyron equation and the scale theory, expressions are developed for the “apparent” heat of vaporization r * = r * (T), vapor ρ- = ρ- (T) and liquid ρ+ = ρ+ (T) branches of the saturation line of individual substances for the range of state parameters from the triple point (pt,Tt,ρt ) to the critical (pc,Tc,ρc ). The peculiarity of the proposed approach to the description of the saturation line is that all exponents of the components of the equations ρ- = ρ- (T) and ρ+ = ρ+ (T) are universal up to the universality of the critical indices α, β and Δ. In this case, the order parameter ds = (ρ+ − ρ-)/(2ρc) and the average diameter df = (ρ+ + ρ-)/(2ρc) − 1 of the saturation line satisfy the saturation line model [2β,1−α], which follows from the modern theory of critical phenomena. The method is tested on the example of describing the phase equilibrium line of refrigerant R1233zd(E) in the range from Tt = 195.15 K to Tc = 439.57 K. It is found that in the temperature range [Tt,Tc ], the developed system of the mutually consistent equations ps = ps (T), r * = r * (T), ρ- = ρ- (T) and ρ+ = ρ+ (T) allows describing the data on the saturated vapor pressure ps and densities ρ- and ρ+ on the saturation line within the experimental uncertainty of these data.

GEN Z AND RELIGIOUS-BASED SOCIAL DISTANCE

Gen Z is the generation that were born between 1996 and 2015. In this paper the gen z is represented by university students who become the respondents of this research. The main focus of this paper is describing the religion-based social distance among the university students. Social distance is the degree of separation between different social groups. The specific group this paper focuses on is the religion-based groups. The main theory employs in this research is Social Scale theory that provide the basic instrument of social distance measurement. To gather the data this research uses survey and interviews. The result depicts that there are social distances on particular religious groups. The percentages of respondents who feel a distance to certain religious groups are varied. The percentages of respondent who perceived a distance toward Islam is only 7,5 percent. Whereas the percentage that of social distance to local religions, on the other hand, is staggering on the value 84,3 percent. The result signifies that most of respondent feel that they have a social distance to local religious groups. The respondent argues that the main reason for the social distance toward the local religious group is the perception that the local religious believers are more likely to form a cult that might be endangered the social harmony in the university.

On Fractional Diffusion Equation with Caputo-Fabrizio Derivative and Memory Term

In this paper, we examine a nonlinear fractional diffusion equation containing viscosity terms with derivative in the sense of Caputo-Fabrizio. First, we establish the local existence and uniqueness of lightweight solutions under some assumptions about the input data. Then, we get the global solution using some new techniques. Our main idea is to combine theories of Banach’s fixed point theorem, Hilbert scale theory of space, and some Sobolev embedding.

TEMPERED FRACTIONAL CALCULUS ON TIME SCALE FOR DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

The fractional derivative holds historical dependence or non-locality and it becomes a powerful tool in many real-world applications. But it also brings error accumulation of the numerical solutions as well as the theoretical analysis since many properties from the integer order case cannot hold. This paper defines the tempered fractional derivative on an isolated time scale and suggests a new method based on the time scale theory for numerical discretization. Some useful properties like composition law and equivalent fractional sum equations are derived for theoretical analysis. Finally, numerical formulas of fractional discrete systems are provided. As a special case for the step size [Formula: see text], a fractional logistic map with two-parameter memory effects is reported.

DERIVATIVES BY RATIO PRINCIPLE FOR q-SETS ON THE TIME SCALE CALCULUS

The definitions of derivatives as delta and nabla in time scale theory are kept to follow the notion of the classical derivative. The jump operators are used to transfer the notion from the classical derivative to the derivatives in the time scale theory. The jump operators can be determined by analyst to model phenomena. In this study, the definitions of derivatives in the time scale theory are transferred to ratio of function which has jump operators from [Formula: see text]-deformation. If we use [Formula: see text]-deformation as a subset of real line [Formula: see text], we can have a chance to define a derivative via consulting ratio of two expressions on [Formula: see text]-sets. The applications are performed to produce the new entropy functions by use of the partition function and the derivatives proposed. The concavity and convexity of the proposed entropy functions are examined by use of Taylor expansion with first-order derivative. The entropy functions can catch the rare events in an image. It can be observed that rare events or minor changes in regular pattern of an image can be detected efficiently for different values of [Formula: see text] when compared with the proposed entropies based on [Formula: see text]-sense.