A continuously recording respirometer, used to measure oxygen consumption and estimate locomotor activity in tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans

Attempts have been made to eradicate the tsetse flies G. morsitans and G. swynnertoni from two blocks of savannah woodland situated in the Central Province of Tanganyika.The insecticides were applied from aircraft. Coarse aerosols were used, with mass median diameters of approximately 90 microns; droplet diameters varied from 4 microns to 250 microns approximately.Eight applications of insecticides were made at intervals of two weeks. Each application was carried out at a nominal dosage of 0·25 gallons per acre, which was equivalent to 0·20 1b. per acre of the p, p'isomer of DDT or 0·03 lb. per acre of the γ isomer of BHC.In the area treated with DDT it is possible that both species of flies were eradicated for a short period, but small populations were re-established there by immigrant flies. In the other block the reduction was not so great, but it is not considered that this was due to a lesser effectiveness of the BHC, but to a combination of circumstances that led to less effective applications.Some general observations are made upon the use of aircraft for this sort of work, particularly in connection with the effect of meteorological conditions.

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Group Effects on Physiological and Ecological Phenomena in Fish-VIII. Effects of Number of Fish in a Group, Shape of Respiratory Chamber, and Locomotor Activity on Oxygen Consumption of the Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus cephalus.

NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI ◽

10.2331/suisan.58.1827 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 1827-1831 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Takeshi Kanda ◽

Mitsutoshi Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Locomotor Activity ◽

Mugil Cephalus ◽

Striped Mullet ◽

Respiratory Chamber ◽

Group Effects

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Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z02-101 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (7) ◽

pp. 1149-1155 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W G Evans ◽

R H Gooding

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Wind Tunnel ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Upwind Flight ◽

Moist Heat ◽

Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

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Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VI.—Applications of a coarse Aerosol containning DDT to control the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans Westw., Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and Glossina pallidipes Aust.

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300029655 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 585-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

K. S. Hocking ◽

D. Yeo ◽

D. G. Anstey

Keyword(s):

Random Effects ◽

Glossina Pallidipes ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Median Diameter ◽

Coarse Aerosol ◽

Savannah Woodland ◽

Mass Median ◽

Glossina Swynnertoni ◽

Mass Median Diameter

An experiment is described where applications of a coarse aerosol were made to savannah woodland containing the tsetse flies, Glossina moritans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust.Seven applications were made, each at a nominal dosage of 0·25 lb. of technical DDT per acre and 0·25 gallons of solution per acre. The applications in any particular part of the treaed woodland covered an interval of 90 days, or rather more than two pupal periods.The coarse aerosol was produced by emitting the insecticidal solution under pressure through fine nozzles fitted to a boom. It had a mass median diameter of approximately 60 microns, and droplet dismeters varied from a few microns to approximately 200 microns.The population of G. pallidipes was so drastically reduced that it has subsequently dies out. The reduction of G. morsitans was approximately 95 per cent. The differences between the reductions are attributed mainly to differences between the ease with which the three species can be killed. It is pointed out that this is not necessarily equivalent to differences in susceptibility.Comparisons are made with previous experiments, and the different results of the various experiments are difficult to explian satisfactory. The increased cover in savannah areas during the leafy period may have reduced the effectiveness of the applications, and the total periods covered by the various series of applications were probably also important. Random effects, leading to ineffective treatments, may also be important.Costs are discussed.

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Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300033605 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 323-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. A. Vale

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Free Standing ◽

Model Trees ◽

Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

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Anterior midgut proteinase inhibitor from Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and its effects upon tsetse digestive enzymes

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z80-011 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 79-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jon G. Houseman

Keyword(s):

Proteinase Inhibitor ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypsin Activity ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Trypsin Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Anterior Midgut

The anterior midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood contains a proteinase inhibitor, molecular weight 5000 ± 2000daltons, stable to 1 M HCl, heat, and dialysis, but unstable to 1% trichloroacetic acid. Inhibitor activity is not associated with anticoagulant in the anterior midgut. The specific activity of the proteinase inhibitor is similar in mated and unmated females and greater than in male tsetse flies. Proteinase inhibitor inhibits proteinase VI and trypsin hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) but has no effect on proteinase VI hydrolysis of haemoglobin. Inhibition of trypsin hydrolysis of haemoglobin is noncompetitive. Proteinase inhibitor levels in the anterior midgut decreased immediately after feeding and then increased, reaching a maximum 60–100 h after ingestion of the bloodmeal. Postteneral flies contained higher levels of proteinase inhibitor than teneral individuals. Trypsin activity in gut homogenates of Phormia regina and Aedes aegypti was inhibited by the tsetse inhibitor. There was no detectable inhibition of bovine or Pterostichus adstrictus trypsin activity. Inhibition of Periplaneta americana trypsin occurred but was less than fly trypsin inhibition. The possible role of the inhibitor in terminating proteinase production is discussed.

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