Inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate from patients with asthma

Background Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-6, respectively, markers of neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, were analyzed in nasal and oral exhaled breath condensate to understand the inflammation of upper and lower airways in subjects with aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) syndrome, evaluating possible differences between AIA and the single pathological conditions included in AIA syndrome. Methods Twelve patients with AIA, 17 patients with mild asthma (MA), 12 patients with nasal polyposis (NP), 11 patients with mild asthma + nasal polyposis (MA + NP), and 10 healthy subjects (HSs) were enrolled. Nasal and oral exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme immunoassay kit. Results Higher levels of nasal and oral exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 were observed in AIA compared with MA, NP, MA + NP, and HSs. Moreover, a positive correlation was identified between nasal exhaled IL-4 and IL-6 and, respectively, the number of neutrophils and eosinophils and in nasal scraping. Conclusion The concentration of eosinophilic and neutrophilic markers in upper and lower airways of subjects with AIA syndrome is higher compared with HS and subjects with MA, NP, and MA + NP.

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Inflammatory Markers and Acid-Base Equilibrium in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Stable and Unstable Asthma Patients

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology ◽

10.1159/000335674 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 159 (2) ◽

pp. 121-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Maria Magdalena Tomasiak-Lozowska ◽

Ziemowit Zietkowski ◽

Katarzyna Przeslaw ◽

Marian Tomasiak ◽

Roman Skiepko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Equilibrium ◽

Acid Base Equilibrium ◽

Asthma Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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Serum tryptase level and inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate of children with exercise-induced symptoms

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings ◽

10.2500/aap.2016.37.3974 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 84-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iwona Stelmach ◽

Magdalena Zaczeniuk ◽

Anna Sztafińska ◽

Paweł Majak ◽

Joanna Jerzyńska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Serum Tryptase ◽

Tryptase Level ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Breath Condensate

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Inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate in patients with asthma and rhinitis

Tuberkuloz ve Toraks ◽

10.5578/tt.3906 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 321-326

Author(s):

Kurtuluş AKSU ◽

Hülyam KURT ◽

Eren GÜNDÜZ ◽

İrfan DEĞİRMENCİ ◽

Emel KURT

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Breath Condensate

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Increased inflammatory markers in the exhaled breath condensate of cigarette smokers

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/09031936.03.00022203 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 589-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

G.E. Carpagnano ◽

S.A. Kharitonov ◽

M.P. Foschino-Barbaro ◽

O. Resta ◽

E. Gramiccioni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Breath Condensate

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Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the exhaled breath condensate of children with OSA

Sleep And Breathing ◽

10.1007/s11325-011-0560-7 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 703-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Georgia Malakasioti ◽

Emmanouel Alexopoulos ◽

Christina Befani ◽

Kalliopi Tanou ◽

Vasiliki Varlami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Breath Condensate

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Is interleukin 6 measurement in exhaled breath of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis patients easy, sensitive and useful indicator of intensity of airway inflammation and fibrosis?

10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-.pplarhx.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amr Kamel Khalil Ahmed ◽

Mahmoud El Kazzaz

Keyword(s):

Airway Inflammation ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Lung Fibrosis ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Zona Glomerulosa ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Bronchial Epithelial ◽

Breath Condensate

COVID-19 has emerged as a global pandemic. It mainly manifests as pneumonia, which may deteriorate into severe respiratory failure. The major hallmark of the disease is the systemic inflammatory immune response characterized by cytokine storm (CS). CS is marked by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). Of these, IL-6 is found to be significantly associated with higher mortality. IL-6 is also a robust marker for predicting disease prognosis and deterioration of the clinical profile. (1) IL-6 was detectable in the breath condensate of all healthy nonsmokers but was significantly higher in COPD patients. Exhaled breath condensate is totally noninvasive and highly acceptable to patients. The collection procedure has no effect on airway function or inflammation, and there is growing evidence that abnormalities in condensate composition may reflect biochemical changes in airway lining fluid. This method has been successfully used in previous studies to investigate several inflammatory markers in COPD and asthmatic patients. (2) Il-6 is produced in the lung by interstitial fibroblasts, alveolar macrophages, and large-vessel and bronchial epithelial cells.These studies and our novel method after clinical trials may open the field for future therapies for COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis by inhaler transport medicines as a new challenge for overcoming sequelae of this pandemic. This suggested a new procedure for the measurement of exhaled IL-6. We studied which IL-6 is risky is IL-6 produced from airway or endocrine IL-6 or immune IL-6. We can classify IL-6 as cytokine storm under pathological conditions to three mains of sources as immune IL-6 produced from respiratory system like interstitial fibroblasts and bronchial epithelial cells and fibroblast, second endocrine IL-6 produced from zona glomerulosa of adrenal glands stimulated by ACTH and immune IL-6 from macrophages and other immune cells. From previous studies we need a procedure acceptable to patients and easy, noninvasive, sensitive so we plan for clinical trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov about measurement of interleukin-6 at exhaled condensate of covid-19 patients and post-19 covid patients with lung fibrosis as a novel study which may be a useful tool, easy, sensitive for early intervention with anti-il6 medications and determine the degree of severity by inflammatory markers for intensity of airway inflammation.

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The promise and perils of exhaled breath condensates

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00069.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 287 (6) ◽

pp. L1073-L1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Richard M. Effros ◽

Marshall B. Dunning ◽

Julie Biller ◽

Reza Shaker

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Epithelial Lining ◽

Hydrogen Ions ◽

Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽

Condensed Water ◽

Breath Condensate

The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) approach provides a convenient and noninvasive approach for sampling the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Increased EBC concentrations of more than a dozen inflammatory markers and hydrogen ions have been reported in lung diseases associated with inflammation. However, the usefulness of EBC is compromised by uncertainties concerning the sources of the EBC droplets and by the extreme and variable dilution of ELF droplets with condensed water vapor (∼20,000-fold). Reported increases in EBC concentrations may reflect proportionate increases in the total volume rather than the concentration of ELF droplets in the collected samples. Conclusions regarding ELF concentrations can only be made if this dilution is estimated with a dilutional indicator (e.g., conductivity of lyophilized EBC). In normal EBC samples, pH is effectively set by oral contamination with NH3, and EBC pH cannot provide reliable information regarding ELF pH in normal subjects. Acidification of EBC observed in asthma and other conditions may reflect acidification of ELF, decreases in NH3 added to the EBC, and/or the presence of gastric droplets in the EBC.

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