Racial Characteristics of Central City Schools, Family Income, and the Suburbanization of Black and White Families with Children

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen O’Flaherty
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Central City ◽  
White Families ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
City Schools

Effects of Wife's Income on Family Income Inequality

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Harris ◽  
John J. Hedderson
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
White Families ◽  
Black And White

In this article, a method is developed to evaluate the effects of wife's income on family income inequality, and those effects are examined between 1967 and 1976 employing data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The coefficient of variation is employed as a measure of family income inequality. Results indicate that income inequality increased substantially between 1967 and 1976 for U.S. families, but this increase was not due to the effects of wife's income. There have been substantial differences in the effects of wife's income for black and white families. In general, a movement toward greater equality of earnings between husbands and wives would tend to promote less family income inequality.

scholarly journals American Children’s Screen Time: Diminished Returns of Household Income in Black Families

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
White Families ◽  
American Children

While increased household income is associated with overall decreased screen time for children, less is known about the effect of racial variation on this association. According to Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, family income and other economic resources show weaker association with children’s developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for racialized groups such as black families, due to the effect of racism and social stratification. In this study, we investigated the association, by race, between family income and children’s screen time, as a proxy of screen time. This longitudinal study followed 15,022 American children aged 9–11 over a 1-year period. The data came from the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was family income, and it was categorized as a three-level nominal variable. The dependent variable, screen time, was a continuous variable. Ethnicity, gender, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. The results showed that family income was inversely associated with children’s screen time. However, there was a weaker inverse association seen in black families when compared with white families. This was documented by a significant statistical interaction between race and family income on children’s screen time. Diminished association between family income and children’s screen time for black families, compared with white families, is similar to MDRs and reflects a health risk to high-income black children. In a society where race and skin color determine opportunities and treatment by society, children from middle class black families remain at risk across multiple domains. We should not assume that income similarly promotes the health of all racial and ethnic groups. Addressing health and behavioral inequalities requires interventions that go beyond equalizing socioeconomic resources for black families. Marginalization, racism, and poverty interfere with the normal family income-related development of American children.

scholarly journals Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Ron Mincy
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
White Families ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Background: Based on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher family income, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. As a result of these MDRs, Black families who access education and income still report high levels of depression, smoking, obesity, and chronic disease. Limited knowledge exists on MDRs of income on neighborhood quality. Aims: Built on the MDRs framework, this study tested the hypothesis of whether the effect of family income and maternal education at birth on neighborhood gang presence varies between Black and White families. The hypotheses were that: (1) higher income families would report lower gang presence in their neighborhood, and (2) compared to Whites, Blacks would show weaker protective effects of family income on gang presence in their neighborhood. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a 15-year follow up study of a random sample of births in cities with larger than 200,000 population. Two thousand nine hundred and nineteen White or Black families were included and were followed from birth of their child for 15 years. The predictors were family income and maternal education at birth, treated as categorical variables. The outcome was gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher maternal education at birth was inversely associated with gang presence in the neighborhoods, while family income at birth did not show an effect on reducing gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Family income at birth and race interact, suggesting that the association between family income at birth and gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 was weaker for Black than White families. Our race-stratified models also showed an inverse effect of family income at birth on gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 in White but not Black families. Conclusions: Diminished returns of family income at birth on neighborhood safety and social disorder may be a mechanism that contributes to racial health disparities in higher socioeconomic status and also poor outcomes for Black families across socioeconomic status (SES) levels. That is, a smaller protective effect of family income on changing the real lives of Black compared to White families may be one of the mechanisms by which health is worse than expected in Black families, across the entire SES spectrum. The health, behavioral, and developmental disparities are not only due to the racial gap in SES but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as family income for racial minorities. Research should study contextual and structural factors that reduce Black families’ ability to mobilize their human capital and secure health outcomes in urban settings.

Black and White Families: A Study in Complementarity.

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Robin L. Jarrett ◽  
Charles Vert Willie
Keyword(s):  
White Families ◽  
Black And White
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