scholarly journals Carboxypeptidase E cytoplasmic tail mediates localization of synaptic vesicles to the pre-active zone in hypothalamic pre-synaptic terminals

2010 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 886-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Lou ◽  
Joshua J. Park ◽  
Niamh X. Cawley ◽  
Annahita Sarcon ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Zone ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Cytoplasmic Tail ◽  
Carboxypeptidase E ◽  
Synaptic Terminals

scholarly journals Sparse force-bearing bridges between neighboring synaptic vesicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 224 (9) ◽  
pp. 3263-3276 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Wesseling ◽  
Sébastien Phan ◽  
Eric A. Bushong ◽  
Léa Siksou ◽  
Serge Marty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Synaptic Terminals ◽  
Stable Structures

Abstract Most vesicles in the interior of synaptic terminals are clustered in clouds close to active zone regions of the plasma membrane where exocytosis occurs. Electron-dense structures, termed bridges, have been reported between a small minority of pairs of neighboring vesicles within the clouds. Synapsin proteins have been implicated previously, but the existence of the bridges as stable structures in vivo has been questioned. Here we use electron tomography to show that the bridges are present but less frequent in synapsin knockouts compared to wildtype. An analysis of distances between neighbors in wildtype tomograms indicated that the bridges are strong enough to resist centrifugal forces likely induced by fixation with aldehydes. The results confirm that the bridges are stable structures and that synapsin proteins are involved in formation or stabilization.

scholarly journals Synphilin-1 is developmentally localized to synaptic terminals, and its association with synaptic vesicles is modulated by α-synuclein.

2002 ◽  
Vol 277 (37) ◽  
pp. 34651-34654
Author(s):  
Cátia S. Ribeiro ◽  
Katia Carneiro ◽  
Christopher A. Ross ◽  
João R.L. Menezes ◽  
Simone Engelender
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Synaptic Terminals

scholarly journals Nanoscale dynamics of synaptic vesicle trafficking and fusion at the presynaptic active zone

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thirumalini Vaithianathan ◽  
Diane Henry ◽  
Wendy Akmentin ◽  
Gary Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Active Zone ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Macromolecular Complex ◽  
Synaptic Ribbon ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Specialized Structure

The cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) is a macromolecular complex that facilitates the supply of release-ready synaptic vesicles to support neurotransmitter release at synapses. To reveal the dynamics of this supply process in living synapses, we used super-resolution imaging to track single vesicles at voltage-clamped presynaptic terminals of retinal bipolar neurons, whose CAZ contains a specialized structure—the synaptic ribbon—that supports both fast, transient and slow, sustained modes of transmission. We find that the synaptic ribbon serves a dual function as a conduit for diffusion of synaptic vesicles and a platform for vesicles to fuse distal to the plasma membrane itself, via compound fusion. The combination of these functions allows the ribbon-type CAZ to achieve the continuous transmitter release required by synapses of neurons that carry tonic, graded visual signals in the retina.

scholarly journals Synphilin-1 Is Developmentally Localized to Synaptic Terminals, and Its Association with Synaptic Vesicles Is Modulated by α-Synuclein

2002 ◽  
Vol 277 (26) ◽  
pp. 23927-23933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia S. Ribeiro ◽  
Katia Carneiro ◽  
Christopher A. Ross ◽  
João R. L. Menezes ◽  
Simone Engelender
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Synaptic Terminals

scholarly journals Complexin cooperates with Bruchpilot to tether synaptic vesicles to the active zone cytomatrix

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Scholz ◽  
Nadine Ehmann ◽  
Divya Sachidanandan ◽  
Cordelia Imig ◽  
Benjamin H. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Snare Complex ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Unknown Protein ◽  
Transmission Part ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
In Vivo Screen

Information processing by the nervous system depends on neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles (SVs) at the presynaptic active zone. Molecular components of the cytomatrix at the active zone (CAZ) regulate the final stages of the SV cycle preceding exocytosis and thereby shape the efficacy and plasticity of synaptic transmission. Part of this regulation is reflected by a physical association of SVs with filamentous CAZ structures via largely unknown protein interactions. The very C-terminal region of Bruchpilot (Brp), a key component of the Drosophila melanogaster CAZ, participates in SV tethering. Here, we identify the conserved SNARE regulator Complexin (Cpx) in an in vivo screen for molecules that link the Brp C terminus to SVs. Brp and Cpx interact genetically and functionally. Both proteins promote SV recruitment to the Drosophila CAZ and counteract short-term synaptic depression. Analyzing SV tethering to active zone ribbons of cpx3 knockout mice supports an evolutionarily conserved role of Cpx upstream of SNARE complex assembly.

Active zone assembly and synaptic release

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Kittel ◽  
S. Hallermann ◽  
S. Thomsen ◽  
C. Wichmann ◽  
S.J. Sigrist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Vesicle Release ◽  
Synaptic Release ◽  
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels ◽  
Presynaptic Calcium ◽  
Chemical Synapses

Neurotransmitter release at chemical synapses occurs when synaptic vesicles fuse to the presynaptic membrane at a specialized site termed the active zone. The depolarization-induced fusion is highly dependent on calcium ions, and, correspondingly, the transmission characteristics of synapses are thought to be influenced by the spatial arrangement of voltage-gated calcium channels with respect to vesicle release sites. Here, we review the involvement of the Drosophila Bruchpilot (BRP) protein in active zone assembly, a process that is required for the clustering of presynaptic calcium channels to ensure efficient vesicle release.

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