Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol represents a critical step in apoptosis, correlated to the activation of the caspase cascade. In this report, we show that addition of micromolar concentrations of polyamines to isolated rat heart mitochondria induces the release of cytochrome c. Spermine, which is effective at concentrations of 10-100 μM, is more potent than spermidine, whereas putrescine has no effect up to 1 mM. The release of cytochrome c caused by spermine is a rapid, saturable and selective process that is independent of mitochondria damage. Spermine, unlike polylysine, is able to release a discrete amount of cytochrome c from intact, functional mitochondria. The cytochrome c-releasing power of spermine is not affected by cyclosporin A, differently from the effect of permeability transition inducers. In a cardiac cell-free model of apoptosis, the latent caspase activity of cytosolic extracts from cardiomyocytes could be activated by cytochrome c released from spermine-treated heart mitochondria. These data indicate a novel mechanism of cytochrome c release from the mitochondrion, and suggest that prolonged and sustained elevation of polyamines, characteristic of some pathologies such as heart hypertrophy, could be involved in the development of apoptosis.
Mesalazine Induces Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome c Release in Isolated Rat Heart Mitochondria: An Analysis of Cardiotoxic Effects