New Way of Synthesis of Few-Layer Graphene Nanosheets by the Selfpropagating High-Temperature Synthesis Method From Bi-opolymers for Large-Scale Production - A Method of Utilization Waste From the Woodworking Industry for Clean Earth Tomorrow

For the first time, few-layer graphene (FLG) nanosheets were synthesized by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from biopolymers (starch and lignin). We suggested that biopolymers (lignin, tree bark) and polysaccharides, in particular starch, could be an acceptable source of native cycles for the SHS process. The carbonization of biopolymers under the conditions of the SHS process was chosen as the basic method of synthesis. Chemical reactions, under the conditions of the SHS process, proceed according to a specific mechanism of nonsothermal branched-chain processes, which are characterized by the joint action of two fundamentally different process-accelerating factors - avalanche reproduction of active intermediate particles and self-heating. The method of obtaining FLG nanosheets included the thermal destruction of hydrocarbons in a mixture with an oxidizing agent. We used biopolymers as hydrocarbons and ammonium nitrate as an oxidizing agent. Thermal destruction was carried out in the mode of SHS, heating the mixture in a vessel at a speed of 20–30 oC/min to 150-200 oC and keeping at this temperature for 15–20 min with the discharge of excess gases into atmosphere. A combination of spectrometric research methods, supplemented by electron microscopy data, has shown that the particles of the carbonated product powder in their morphometric and physical parameters correspond to FLG nanosheets. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the indicated FLG nanosheets was carried out, which showed the absence of formations with a graphite crystal structure in the final material. The surface morphology was also studied and the features of the IR absorption of FLG nanosheets were analyzed. It is shown that the developed SHS method makes it possible to obtain FLG nanosheets with linear dimensions of tens of microns and a thickness of not more than 1-5 graphene layers (several graphene layers).

Golgi staining of neurons: Oxidation-state dependent spread of chemical reaction identifies a testable property of the connectome

Camillo Golgi observed reticular nature of the nervous system by his staining method. Ramon Cajal modified this protocol to obtain staining restricted to individual neurons, in support of the cell theory. Close examination shows that Golgi used an oxidizing agent to pre-treat the brain tissue before the staining reaction and Cajal used an additional oxidizing agent for the same step. It shows that oxidation state of the tissue has a crucial role in determining the spread of Golgi chemical reaction between neurons. The correct structure-function mechanism of brain functions may reveal the nature of the route through which the staining reaction spreads between neurons under decreasing oxidation states. Present work examines the chemical reaction behind the staining, explores the role of oxidizing agents in limiting the stain to individual neurons, and discusses a probable property of the connectome that can provide a gateway for an oxidation state-dependent spread of staining reaction.

COHERENT SYNCHRONIZATION OF PYRIDINE DIMERIZATION REACTIONS AND DECOMPOSITION OF “GREEN OXIDANTS” – H2O2 AND N2O

In recent years, hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide (1) "green oxidants" – have attracted much attention of researchers as a selective oxidizing agent for the catalytic oxidation of pyridine bases. In this regard, the reaction of pyridine oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide under homogeneous conditions, in the gas phase, without the use of catalysts, at atmospheric pressure, has been experimentally investigated. Areas of selective oxidation of pyridine with hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide have been established, and optimal conditions have been found for obtaining valuable raw materials required in the petrochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries

Hippurate hydrolisis test for group B Streptococcus identification. v1

The hippurate test is used to identify group B Streptococcus which, unlike groups A, C, F and G, can hydrolyze 1% aqueous sodium hippurate to produce glycine and sodium benzoate, by adding ninhydrin, glycine it is deaminated by the oxidizing agent which reduces and turns purple.

DC conductivity studies of iron decorated polypyrrole

Fe-Ppy was synthesized by in situ polymerization with varying the concentration of oxidizing agent (FeCl,3) and green tea extract. As prepared polymer samples have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM. DC conductivity was measured in the temperature range 303-378 K. Obtained results reveals that, the conductivity slightly increases with increase in temperature. Fe (0.31M)-Ppy-10ml green tea extracted sample exhibited highest conductivity as compared to the other composites. Activation energy found to increases up to Fe-(0.92M)-Ppy 30ml sample and it was maximum for Fe (1.54M)-Ppy 50ml sample.

The Application of a New Oxidation Mortar Bar Test to Mixtures containing Different Cementing Systems

The effects of different cementing systems on the expansion of mortars containing iron sulphide-bearing aggregate was studied. Using a recently developed oxidation mortar bar test, the results showed that cementing systems containing low-calcium fly ash, metakaolin, slag, high-sulphate resisting Portland cement, or low heat of hydration Portland cement could reduce the expansion by 50–85%. The main suggested mechanisms behind the reduced expansion is the more refined pore structure of samples with SCMs, and the reduced C3A of low heat of hydration Portland cement. The refined pore structure reduces the permeation of the oxidizing solution into the samples. The similarity of this to penetration of oxygen into concrete under field exposure needs to be determined. Soaking the samples for >3 h in the oxidizing agent can produce excessive expansion – not related to oxidation of iron sulphide phases – in samples with cementing blends containing reactive alumina such as metakaolin.