The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd) on the subcellular distribution and chemical speciation of Cd in Typha latifolia L. in hydroponic system were investigated. Increased Cd concentration in the medium caused an increase of Cd concentration in all tissues and all subcellular fractions, with the highest Cd level occurring in roots, followed by rhizomes and leaves and the greatest accumulation was in cell walls, soluble fraction and organelle containing fractions ranked next, respectively. The greatest amount of Cd was found in the extraction of 1 mol·L−1 NaCl, followed by 2% HAC, deionized water, 80% ethanol, residues and the least in 0.6 mol·L−1 HCl. The subcellular distribution and different chemical forms of Cd both decreased after Spd application and were more inhibited by 0.25 than 0.50 mmol·L−1 Spd, especially in roots at 0.10 mmol·L−1 Cd treatment. It could be suggested that the retention of Cd in roots, cell walls binding with metal, metal ion compartmentation in vacuoles and Cd forms existing in undissolved and integrated with pectates and protein play an important role in Cd detoxification and Spd could enhance the tolerance of cattail to Cd stress.
Exogenous spermidine alleviates the adverse effects of aluminum toxicity on photosystem II through improved antioxidant system and endogenous polyamine contents
