scholarly journals Towards a General Preference System

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
David Wall
Keyword(s):  
Preference System ◽  
General Preference

Interpreting Adjuncts: Processing English As-Clauses

2021 ◽  
pp. 002383092110008
Author(s):  
Lyn Frazier ◽  
Charles Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Reading Time ◽  
Event Description ◽  
General Preference

Four experiments probed the interpretation of sentence-final as-clauses (e.g., Close the book as a librarian would/would do) ambiguous between a manner interpretation and a “propositional” interpretation. Experiment 1, an interpretation study, found a predominance of manner interpretations for sentences containing would and would do as the elliptical predicate inside the as-clause, biased by which form participants were initially exposed to. In Experiment 2, we assumed that a comma may be present before the as-clause for both interpretations, but that when the contrast between a comma and no comma is called to the reader’s attention it will favor the propositional interpretation. The expectation was confirmed. In Experiment 3 a would-sentence was preceded by a How question or by a What’s with question: propositional interpretations were rare but more prevalent following the What’s with question than the manner question. Experiment 4 added a What did question and tested both no-comma would (NoComma) sentences and comma would do (CommaDo) sentences. CommaDo sentences received more propositional interpretations than NoComma sentences, and were read faster following the What’s with question than the How question, whereas the NoComma were read faster after the How question. All four studies showed manner interpretations prevail, though would do, a (contrastive) comma or a non-manner question increase the frequency of propositional interpretations. Two possibilities are considered for what underlies the manner preference: a general preference for an adjunct to be part of the event description in cases of ambiguity, or the availability of a pre-existing event-“slot” for manner. The reading time results favor the former possibility.

Foulweather Friends: Violence and Third Party Support in Self-Determination Conflicts

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272199322
Author(s):  
R. Joseph Huddleston
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
International Stability ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Party Support

This paper investigates how violence in self-determination conflicts influences bilateral foreign policy. I argue that a general preference for international stability causes third parties to support self-determination groups when violence reaches high levels, when they gain territorial control, and when major powers officially recognize. In these conditions, third parties perceive a stable new status quo to be nigh: unrecognized statehood. Ongoing instability encourages foreign policy that encourages the development of the de facto state, even when third parties have no intention of recognizing them as states. Importantly, I also show that targeting civilians erodes third-party support of the perpetrating side. I demonstrate these relationships using a latent variable model of international sovereignty of aspiring states, built on bilateral military, diplomatic, and economic exchange data. My model and tests provide new insight into how aspiring state actors become increasingly eligible for recognition through the tacit support of third-party states.

The International Court of Justice in Asia: Interpreting the Temple of Preah Vihear Case

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon CHESTERMAN
Keyword(s):  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
The Icj ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Preah Vihear ◽  
The Temple

This essay examines the 2013 Decision by the International Court of Justice interpreting its 1962 Judgment in the Temple of Preah Vihear case between Cambodia and Thailand, situating the more recent decision in the context of the Court's evolving role in Asia. Only eight Asian states have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court; only nine have ever appeared before it. The narrowness of the recent decision is of interest in part because of the modest role it ascribes to judicial institutions, but also for what this modesty heralds for the Court's status in Asia. A key conclusion is that Asian states are likely to retain a general preference for bilateral resolution of disputes. For smaller disputes, however, especially those concerning subjects that cannot be divided or traded—such as a temple (and, as we shall see, an island)—the ICJ may play an important role.

Effect of pattern elements of weft knitting on haptic preferences regarding winter garments

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (15) ◽  
pp. 1689-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Wiskott ◽  
Marcus O Weber ◽  
Frank Heimlich ◽  
Yordan Kyosev
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Blind Test ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Preference

An empirical survey was conducted, manually evaluating the relative haptic preference of patterns in weft knitting for winter garments in Mönchengladbach, Germany. Thirty-six patterns were compared in a blind test using ranking orders with respect to six primary hand values (thickness, softness, warmth, weight, stiffness, and smoothness) and general preference for winter garments by 35 participants. Traits of popular patterns included softness and smoothness as well as tucked stitches, rib structures, and float stitches on the surface. On the other hand, unpopular patterns included lace, purl stitches, and ripples.

scholarly journals A face for all seasons: Searching for context-specific leadership traits and discovering a general preference for perceived health

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Spisak ◽  
Nancy M. Blaker ◽  
Carmen E. Lefevre ◽  
Fhionna R. Moore ◽  
Kleis F. B. Krebbers
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Health ◽  
Leadership Traits ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Context Specific

The binding of analogues of coralyne and related heterocyclics to DNA triplexes

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. P. Latimer ◽  
Natasha Payton ◽  
Gavin Forsyth ◽  
Jeremy S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Denaturation ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Triplex Dna ◽  
Alkyl Chains ◽  
Dna Triplexes ◽  
Weak Binding ◽  
Related Alkaloid ◽  
General Preference ◽  
Nitrogen Ring ◽  
Derivatives Of

Coralyne has been shown previously to bind well to both T∙A∙T- and C∙G∙C+-containing triplexes. Derivatives of coralyne were prepared and their binding to poly(dT)∙poly(dA)∙poly(dT) and poly[d(TC)]∙poly[d(GA)]∙poly[d(C+T)] was assessed from thermal denaturation profiles. A tetraethoxy derivative showed only weak binding to both types of triplex. Analogues with extended 8-alkyl chains showed good binding to poly(dT)∙poly(dA)∙poly(dT), but the preference for triplex poly[d(TC)]∙poly[d(GA)]∙poly[d(C+T)] was decreased compared with the duplex. Sanguinarine, a related alkaloid, bound well to poly(dT)∙poly(dA)∙poly(dT) but only weakly to the protonated triplex. It is hypothesized that the position of the protonated nitrogen ring is important for binding to poly[d(TC)]∙poly[d(GA)]∙poly[d(C+T)]. A series of other chromophores was studied and only those with a positive charge bound to triplexes. All of these bound well to poly(dT)∙poly(dA)∙poly(dT) but only weakly if at all to the duplex poly(dA)∙poly(dT). In contrast, most of them did not bind well to the triplex poly[d(TC)]∙poly[d(GA)]∙poly[d(C+T)] and those that did still showed a preference for duplex poly[d(TC)]∙poly[d(GA)]. In general, preference for triplex poly(dT)∙poly(dA)∙poly(dT) compared with the duplex is a common feature of intercalating drugs. On the other hand, specificity for protonated triplexes may be very difficult to achieve.Key words: triplex DNA, DNA-binding drugs, intercalation.

Electoral-system change in Latvia and the elections of 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Millard
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
System Change ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Preference System ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
Multiple Constituencies

Latvia’s highly distinctive proportional electoral system owes its origins to Latvia’s 1922 Constitution and the new democracy’s electoral legislation of 1919 and 1922. Latvia’s unique feature lies in its preference system, offering the voters the opportunity to judge each candidate on their party’s list. Although the system appears to maximise responsiveness to voters’ preferences, in practice this promise remained unfulfilled and the representative quality of parliament was questionable. This was in large measure because of the capacity of candidates to stand in multiple constituencies. In 2009 amendments to the electoral law altered this key provision. This change clearly made a difference, but it could not resolve fundamental problems of Latvia’s political process in general and its political parties in particular.

scholarly journals Relative specificities of a series of β-lactam-recognizing enzymes towards the side-chains of penicillins and of acyclic thioldepsipeptides

1994 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Xu ◽  
G Soto ◽  
H Adachi ◽  
M P van der Linden ◽  
W Keck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Side Chains ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
General Preference

In an attempt to understand more of the subtle differences between bacterial beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases, comparisons have been made between the specificities of these enzymes towards the phenylacetyl side chain, generally thought to be favoured by beta-lactamases, and the NN'-diacetyl-L-lysyl side chain, widely employed in low-molecular-mass substrates of DD-peptidases. These comparisons were carried out with both a penicillin and an acyclic thioldepsipeptide reaction nucleus and employing a range of both beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases. Rather contrary to general expectations, a general preference for reaction of both groups of enzymes with penicillins rather than thioldepsipeptides was observed and for the phenylacetyl rather than the NN'-diacetyl-L-lysyl side chain. Quantitative comparisons suggested that the side chains of penicillins may be bound in relatively similar sites in all of the enzymes whereas the side chains of thioldepsipeptides are more heterogeneously bound, both with respect to each other and to the comparable side chains of penicillins.

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