The Development and Application of Charitable Trust in China

Charitable trust is a combination of charity and trust industry. The development of charitable trust started earlier in foreign countries and has been widely used. Charitable trust in China is still in its infancy, lacking legal support and a complete operation system. Problems such as unclear boundaries and imperfect tax preference system, and a complete public trust system has not yet been formed. But from a development point of view, charitable trust in China's poverty alleviation, pension and other fields have a high application value and development prospects. In this paper, the development status of charitable trust in China is summarized and considered.

The Impact of the Monegasque National Preference System on the Construction of the Identity of the Population of the Principality of Monaco

International audience The Principality of Monaco has the particularity of having instituted a system of hierarchical national preference favoring Monegasques first, then individuals who share more or less close ties with the Principality, particularly in the fields of employment and housing. The objective of the principality is to maintain the national citizens in the territory given its attractiveness and the pressure on the cost of real estate that results. This article proposes to discuss this system of national preference which, from a conceptual point of view certainly influences the identity-building process of the different categories of individuals residing in Monaco, thus shaping the relations between the different groups present in the country. La principauté de Monaco présente la particularité d’avoir institué un système de préférence nationale hiérarchique favorisant d’abord les Monégasques, puis les individus qui partagent des liens plus ou moins étroits avec la principauté, notamment dans les domaines de l’emploi et du logement. L’objectif de la principauté est de maintenir les citoyens nationaux sur le territoire compte tenu de son attractivité et de la pression sur le coût de l’immobilier qui en résulte. Le présent article propose de discuter de ce système de préférence nationale qui, d’un point de vue conceptuel, influence certainement le processus de construction identitaire des différentes catégories d’individus qui résident à Monaco, façonnant ainsi les relations entre les différents groupes présents dans le pays.

System analysis: the kemeny’s median as an optimization model of the preferences group system of air traffic controllers of the danger of the characteristic errors

The systems of advantages of aviation operators of the “front line” on the indicators and characteristics of their professional activities is one of the indicators demonstrating the influence of the human factor on decision-making, and, consequently, on the “attitude towards dangerous actions or conditions”, which, in its turn, is one of the components of the current ICAO safety paradigm. The preference system is understood as an ordered series of the specified indicators and characteristics from the most dangerous to the least dangerous, including errors that can be made by air traffic controllers. Group systems of advantages have a number of properties (peculiarities of the prevailing in a particular society — control shift — opinions on the perception of threats and hazards, the influence of the attitude of instructor personnel to threats and dangers and the technology to overcome them, statistics of aviation accidents and serious incidents in the area of responsibility, etc.) that are desirable to take into account in the safety management process and that are found by aggregating individual systems of benefits. This aggregation occurs using strategies for making group decisions, from which one should point to the strategy of summing and averaging ranks, which is riskier, but allows establishing the degree of consistency of opinions using the Kendall concordance coefficient. An important strategy is based on the classical Savage decision-making criteria, which has an optimization content and allows minimizing deviations in opinions regarding the dangers of mistakes of both the majority and the minority of the group members. The Kemeny’s median has a pronounced nonparametric optimization content, but it is almost never used in studies of the influence of the human factor on decision making in aviation systems. Individual systems of preferences of m=37 air traffic controllers on the spectrum of n=21 characteristic errors were constructed by them using the usual method of pairwise comparisons and normative establishment of a part of the total hazard. The use of the technology for detecting and filtering out marginal thoughts — individual systems of advantages, which significantly differ from the general group, made it possible to distinguish a subgroup mA=26 with a high level of intragroup consistency of opinions: the coefficient of concordance is W=0.7144 and is statistically significant at a high level of significance a=1%. Individual preference systems of members of the mА subgroup were used to implement the heuristic algorithm and construct the desired Kemeny’s median, which improves the consistent preference system and has an unusually high coincidence with the group advantage systems obtained using other group decision strategies: the average value of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient in 7 times increased its minimum acceptable value.

RELASI AGAMA DAN PILIHAN NASABAH: GROUNDED THEORY DAN REPOSISI AGAMA PADA PILIHAN NASABAH BANK SYARIAH DI BENGKULU

This paper certainly examines the relationship between religion and consumer’s choice towards the islamicbank in Bengkulu, Province. Concerning in religion preference system and its relation with consumer’s choicethe research is crucially expected to discover the relationship between religion, and the consumer’s choice ofislamic bank in Bengkulu. The reason why the issues must be studied is from theoritical foundation in whichbelief system like religion, and rationality is a main factor determining the consumer’s choice towards islamicbank in varied-cases (Yusof; Bahari; Adanan: 2014). Hence, there are various facts as an important settingof research—moeslem population in Bengkulu; level of FDR (finance to deposits ration) for many islamicbank in Bengkulu is 182,3% and also NPF level is 3.30%. Based on this setting, the study intentionaly usesthe grounded theory as approach. It directly legitimates two theories as guidance for the research—rationalitychoice theory and shopping preference theory.The research successfully finds a set of thesis that religion’s rules in consumer’s choice of islamic bank can bedescribed shortly in two models—religion as Model of ” and “for Reality. These models emerge in consumer’sbehaviour of how they select the islamic bank in Bengkulu. Empirically, it can be attested from the perception,and definition toward islamic bank as a personal experience. In fact, Islam as a part of religions modifiedas justification for their choice. Whilst consumers tend to be a loyal consumer of Islamic bank based on thebelief-- framework produced from their religion, for some users it is eventually because of the economics interest.For example, islamic bank choice is based on the ultimate-goal to gain exceeded-profit rather merits offeredby the conventinal bank.

Impossibility Theorems for Menu-Dependent Preference Functional

We consider functions that assign to each evaluation profile a preference system or a list of menu-dependent preferences. The rule by which such an assignment takes place is said to be a menu-dependent preference functional (MDPFL). We extend the concepts of invariance under individual cardinal transformations, weak Pareto, binary independence, weak dictatorship, and veto power from the context of social welfare functional to our framework of MDPFLs. We consider admissible sets of evaluation profiles that are slightly more general than necessarily requiring that all evaluation profiles be admissible. We introduce the concepts of nested and nested* MDPFLs. Our first result says that a nested MDPFL that is invariant under individual transformations, globally weakly Paretian, and satisfies global binary independence must be weakly dictatorial. Our second result says that a nested* MDPFL that is invariant under individual transformations, globally weakly Paretian, and satisfies global binary independence must have an individual/criterion that wields veto power.

Differential method for establishing a comparative danger of air traffic controllers errors in professional activity

The advantage systems of air traffic controllers as operators of the “front line”, which are directly responsible for ensuring the appropriate level of flight safety, are considered as a component of their decision making, determines, on the one hand, the influence of the human factor on the choice they make, and on the other hand, makes this choice much easier. The use of paired comparisons and determination of part of the total comparative danger as a way of establishing the systems of benefits of professional air traffic controllers on the spectrum of the characteristic errors that they make in the process of professional activity are substantiated. For the first time, the total risk of a pair of errors is determined in an absolute and unique by quasi metric features 100-point scale, and their separate contribution to this danger covers the entire continuum of the scale. In contrast to the traditional practice, which regulates part of the total danger, it allowed for a more differentiated assessment of the comparative dangers of errors. Using the traditional and the proposed method, group systems of advantages of air traffic controllers on the studied range of errors, which are almost identical, are constructed: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is equal to the value. The Kendall concordance coefficient calculated for the group preference system constructed in the traditional way is equal to and statistically reliable, and therefore the corresponding preference system is consistent. The coefficient of concordance calculated for the group system of benefits based on the application of the proposed differential approach to the pairwise comparison of the dangers of errors is almost twice greater, equal to the value and statistically reliable at a high level of significance. This indicates both the consistency of the opinions of the subjects and the high efficiency of the proposed differential approach.

ARACE – A New Method for Verbal Decision Analysis

ARACE is a new method developed within the framework of Verbal Decision Analysis (VDA). VDA methods work with verbal form of preference elicitation and evaluation of alternatives without resorting to numbers. ARACE is based on the ideas of the VDA method ZAPROS but uses a more flexible approach to inconsistency of the decision-maker's preferences by introducing a special construct of a "quasi-expert." Mismatched preferences of the decision-maker are viewed as preferences of several quasi-experts. The preference system for each quasi-expert is transitive, leading to consistent decision rules formed for each quasi-expert separately. These rules are used to compare alternatives. Differences in possible comparison of alternatives based on different quasi-experts are resolved through a Clustered Rankings Method for rankings with ties.