Fungsi Pengawasan Partisipatif Dalam Mewujudkan Pemilu Demokratis

The involvement of the community in the political process is very necessary to be considered as the existence of political apathy in the general election. The political process can be said to be democratic when the community is the main actor in making political decisions, so that democracy guarantees the participation of the community itself. Participatory election supervision is a joint way of how the community can participate in supervising both campaigns, calm periods and election day by transforming moral strength into strength. with the consequence of having knowledge and skills about electoral and monitoring techniques. The main problem in this research is how to implement participatory supervision in realizing democratic elections?. The results show that participatory supervision plays a strategic role in the formation of responsive and impartial electoral law, implementation of election law by supervisors at the field level and the formation of a community legal culture/culture that can support the creation of participatory supervision for the realization of democratic elections in 2024.

System of Zemstvo Elections According to Regulations on Zemstvo Institutions of 1890 in Estimates of Russian Periodicals

The article is devoted to the little-studied issue of the reaction of the Russian periodicals to changes in the zemstvo electoral legislation in accordance with the Regulations on zemstvo institutions in 1890. The positions of the leading conservative (“Moskovskie vedomosti”, “Grazhdanin”, “Russian Review”, “Russian Bulletin”, “Novoye Vremya”), liberal (“Novosti”, “Nedelya”, “Bulletin of Europe”, “Russian Thought”, “Russkie vedomosti”, “Sudebnaya Gazeta”) and populist (“Russian wealth”, “Novoye Slovo”, “Severny Vestnik”) editions. The attitude of periodicals to key changes in the system of zemstvo elections is shown: the establishment of estate electoral meetings, the privileged position of the nobility, a change in the order of representation from peasants, the deprivation of voting rights for Jews, a change in the procedure for approving members and chairmen of zemstvo councils. The authors argue that certain provisions of the new electoral law did not suit both conservative and liberal and populist publications. At the same time, there was no single approach within each of these groups. Some conservative publications in their proposals and criticism were close to the liberal ones (“Novoye Vremya”), and vice versa (“Novosti”, “Nedelya”). In general, each of the editions focused mainly on individual changes, criticizing or supporting them, as well as proposing their own versions of their changes.

City Elections in Kuban (Spring — Autumn 1919)

The article is devoted to the elections to the city councils of the Kuban Territory, which took place in the spring and autumn of 1919. The author dwells in detail on the Kuban electoral law, according to which, for the first time in Russia, a rather rare electoral system — раnаchage — was used, and on the results of its application. Election campaigns in Yekaterinodar and other cities of the region are considered, the results of voting and the composition of councillors are analyzed. By the example of Yekaterinodar, the difference in electoral preferences of residents of “bourgeois” and “proletarian” regions is shown, as well as the influence of the educational and property level, occupation on the political preferences of the townspeople. Special attention is paid to the story of the murder in the editorial office of the newspaper “Utro Yuga”, which was caused by the struggle between moderately socialist electoral associations, and one of the immediate reasons was S. Ya. Marshak's election poems. The general results of the elections show that in most cities of the region the victory was won by the “right” homeowners' lists, but the author believes that the reason for this was not so much a change in the mood of the masses as the absenteeism of the left and centrist electorate.

El renacer de una víctima política: La devolución de la personería jurídica al partido político Unión Patriótica en el contexto de un nuevo derecho electoral de la transición en Colombia (The rebirth of a political victim: The restitution of the legal status to the political party Unión Patriotica in the context of a new transitional electoral law in Colombia)

La devolución a la personería jurídica al partido político Unión Patriótica por parte del máximo órgano de lo contencioso administrativo en Colombia es pionera en materia de reparaciones a sujetos políticos victimizados por razón de su ideología. Pero, ¿Qué motivó esa reparación? ¿Qué posibilidades y límites encarna la tarea de reparar a una colectividad política? El texto que se presenta responde esas preguntas a través de una investigación cualitativa que emplea el estudio de caso y que explora, desde diversas fuentes, cómo ha sido tal proceso. El artículo concluye que, a raíz de la devolución de la personería jurídica a la Unión Patriótica, a través de una decisión judicial del Consejo de Estado, este sujeto político ha renacido reclamando un lugar en el espectro político y erigiéndose en pieza clave de comprensión de un nuevo derecho electoral de la transición en Colombia.

‘Not more democratic, but more moral’: Tocqueville on the suffrage in America and France

Tocqueville has been portrayed as a “strange liberal” for his singular defenses of individual liberty. This essay highlights an overlooked instance of Tocqueville’s distinctiveness by analyzing his thoughts on suffrage, which placed him at odds with his French liberal contemporaries. It uncovers Tocqueville’s attitude toward universal suffrage in America and his critiques of a capacitarian suffrage in France. I argue that Tocqueville articulated his hope not for a “more democratic, but for a more moral” electoral law during most of the July Monarchy, aiming to transcend existing debates over the extent of the electorate or the capacité politique of the individual elector. By arguing for Tocqueville’s singularity on the suffrage, this essay brings to light both his departures from the thought of the liberal Doctrinaires and his reflections on the particular character of democracy in France.

The Role of International Organizations in the de democratization of Elections in Ukraine

The article studies the place and the role of international governmental and non-governmental organizations in the democratization of the election in Ukraine. Using a set of general scientific, logical and empirical scientific methods, the authors have identified the main forms of influence of international organizations on the democratization of the electoral process: regulatory influence (development of legal documents governing compliance with international democratic standards by international organizations; assessment of compliance with democratic principles of national election legislation and creation of recommendations for its improvement); controlling influence (implementation by international organizations of short-term and long-term observation of the election campaign, voting and counting of votes); institutional and functional influence (implementation by international organizations of projects to improve the election in specific countries by providing logistical, advisory, educational assistance, etc.). The peculiarities of international organizations’ implementation of the above-mentioned forms of influence during the elections in Ukraine are analyzed. It is concluded that the most important electoral role is played by international organizations in transit societies, where the promotion of electoral procedures by the international community often becomes a catalyst for democratic change in these countries. The authors argue that international organizations have pursued an active policy to support the elections in Ukraine since independence till now. They have had a significant impact on the democratization of electoral law and electoral practice of our country and contributed to the formation of democratic electoral awareness and culture of Ukrainian citizens.

Consensus Gained, Consensus Maintained? Changing New Zealand's Electoral Law 1927-2007

<p>In the eighty years between the passage of New Zealand's first unified Electoral Act in 1927, and the passage of the Electoral Finance Act 2007, the New Zealand Parliament passed 66 acts that altered or amended New Zealand's electoral law. One central assumption of theories of electoral change is that those in power only change electoral rules strategically, in order to protect their self-interest.1 This thesis is an investigation into the way New Zealand governments effect and have effected their desired changes to the electoral law through the legislative process, and the roles self-interest and the active search for consensus between political parties have played in that process. It argues that, while self-interest serves as a compelling explanation for a great deal of electoral law change in New Zealand, altruistic motivations and the development of parliamentary processes influenced behaviour to an equal, and perhaps even greater, extent.</p>

Consensus Gained, Consensus Maintained? Changing New Zealand's Electoral Law 1927-2007

<p>In the eighty years between the passage of New Zealand's first unified Electoral Act in 1927, and the passage of the Electoral Finance Act 2007, the New Zealand Parliament passed 66 acts that altered or amended New Zealand's electoral law. One central assumption of theories of electoral change is that those in power only change electoral rules strategically, in order to protect their self-interest.1 This thesis is an investigation into the way New Zealand governments effect and have effected their desired changes to the electoral law through the legislative process, and the roles self-interest and the active search for consensus between political parties have played in that process. It argues that, while self-interest serves as a compelling explanation for a great deal of electoral law change in New Zealand, altruistic motivations and the development of parliamentary processes influenced behaviour to an equal, and perhaps even greater, extent.</p>

EVALUATION OF THE STATEMENT OF TATIANA MASLOVSKAYA ABOUT THE NEW TRENDS IN ELECTORAL LAW IN THE CIS COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD FROM 2017 TILL 2019

During the period from 2017 till 2019, there is a tendency of acceptance of new norms in Electoral Codes and Constitutional laws in the CIS countries. The author analyzed the hypothesis by Tatiana Maslovskaya about the evolution of electoral legislation in the CIS countries and new trends as codification, globalization, democratization in electoral law, by making the analysis of the amendments to the Electoral Codes and Constitutional Laws of the CIS countries in the period from 2017 to 2019. The globalization trend of electoral legislation in the CIS countries was not clearly expressed in those amendments, additions that were adopted in the research period. Conclusions: There is a tendency for individual CIS countries to codify their electoral legislation in codification format since they haven't done it before. The democratization trend is clearly expressed in the amendments.

Problem of election validity in remote electronic voting

The article analyzes the features and problems of using the institution of remote voting in the electoral process in general and the problem of invalidation of elections associated with the use of this institution, in particular. The article reveals the features of the implementation of the remote electronic voting procedure in practice, and also reveals such problems associated with the use of software as the presence of gaps in modern legislation in terms of regulating the invalidity of the described elections, uncertainty in matters of violations in this area of electoral law. The article concludes about the shortcomings of the existing legal regulation and identifies possible solutions to the identified problems.