Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and vascular dementia: the role of the clock-drawing test

Aims. The realization of an experimental set-up for the quantitative and objective description of drawing using optoelectronic systems, which could be used when a quantification of the realization of specific drawing tests is required.Methods. Healthy subjects, subjects with Parkinson's Disease and subjects with Parkinson's Disease and Dementia were evaluated by the Mini Mental Scale Evaluation and by a new approach to the Clock Drawing Test, based on an optoelectronic acquisition. The new protocol hereby described aims to define a parameter related to the movement kinematics in the Clock Drawing test execution.Results. The experimental set-up revealed to be valid introducing new objective measurements beside the subjective Clock Drawing Test. This paper suggests the applicability of this protocol to other fields of motor and cognitive valuation, as well as the introduction of new parameters related to the graphic movement.

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Reyersal of a Visuospatial Deficit on the Clock Drawing Test in Parkinson's Disease by Reatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields

International Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.3109/00207459508999805 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 82 (3-4) ◽

pp. 255-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Reuven Sandyk

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test

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Performance at the clock drawing test of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects: a retrospective study

Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10072-019-04167-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 843-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Federica Scarpina ◽

Clara Paschino ◽

Lorenzo Priano ◽

Alessandro Mauro

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test

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Comparison of the use of screening tools for evaluating cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1004015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 344-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carlos Henrique Ferreira Camargo ◽

Eduardo de Souza Tolentino ◽

Augusto Bronzini ◽

Marcelo de Araújo Ladeira ◽

Ronilson Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination ◽

Movement Disorder Society

ABSTRACT Background: Screening tests have been used for cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: This study compared the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the clock drawing test for this purpose. Methods: A total of 50 patients with PD were selected, 41 (82%) were diagnosed with dementia by the criteria of the Movement Disorder Society. The test Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was used as the gold standard in comparison with the screening tests. Results: The MoCA test (AUC=0.906) had a sensitivity of 87.80% and specificity of 88.89%. When the MMSE was associated with the clock drawing test (AUC=0.936), it had a specificity of 66.67% and sensitivity of up to 97.56%. Conclusion: The study suggests that the MoCA test can be a good screening test in PD. However, MMSE associated with the clock drawing test may be more effective than the MoCA test.

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UNVEILING THE HUNDRED CLOAKS OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT – THE ROLE OF PATTERNS IN THE CLOCK DRAWING TEST

10.26226/morressier.5d1a036b57558b317a13fc1e ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Diana Margarida Rocha Pereira ◽

Teresa Prior Filipe ◽

Ana Margarida Mota ◽

Nuno Rodrigues ◽

Joana Peta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test

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The Mini-Cog versus the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test in daily clinical practice: screening value in a German Memory Clinic

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610211002286 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 766-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Monika Milian ◽

Anna-Maria Leiherr ◽

Guido Straten ◽

Stephan Müller ◽

Thomas Leyhe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Alzheimer’S Dementia ◽

Discriminatory Power ◽

Memory Clinic ◽

Alzheimer's Dementia ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination

ABSTRACTBackground: The aim of this study was to compare the screening value of the Mini-Cog, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the algorithm MMSE and/or CDT to separate elderly people with dementia from healthy depending on test time, type and severity of dementia, and demographic variables in a German Memory Clinic.Methods: Data from a heterogeneous patient sample and healthy participants (n = 502) were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 438 patients with dementia, 49.1% of the dementia diagnoses were Alzheimer's dementia and 50.9% were non-Alzheimer's dementia. Sixty-four participants were classified as cognitively unimpaired. The CDT and an extraction of the 3-item recall of the MMSE were used to constitute the Mini-Cog algorithm.Results: Overall, the Mini-Cog showed significantly higher discriminatory power (86.8%) than the MMSE (72.6% at a cut-off ≤ 24 and 79.2% at ≤ 25, respectively) and CDT (78.1%) (each p < 0.01) and did not perform worse than the algorithm MMSE and/or CDT (each p > 0.05). The specificity of the Mini-Cog (100.0%) was similar to that of the MMSE (100.0% for both cut-offs) and CDT (96.9%) (p = 0.154). For all age and educational groups the Mini-Cog outmatched the CDT and MMSE, and was less affected by education than MMSE and less susceptible for the dementia stage than the CDT.Conclusion: The Mini-Cog proved to have superior discriminatory power than either CDT or MMSE and is demonstrated to be a valid “short” screening instrument taking 3 to 4 minutes to administer in the geriatric setting.

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Can clock drawing differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other dementias?

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610215000939 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1649-1660 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lynnette Pei Lin Tan ◽

Nathan Herrmann ◽

Brian J. Mainland ◽

Kenneth Shulman

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Lewy Bodies ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Search Terms ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Qualitative Analyses

ABSTRACTBackground:Studies have shown the clock-drawing test (CDT) to be a useful screening test that differentiates between normal, elderly populations, and those diagnosed with dementia. However, the results of studies which have looked at the utility of the CDT to help differentiate Alzheimer's disease (AD) from other dementias have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the CDT in discriminating between patients with AD and other types of dementia.Methods:A review was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase. Search terms included clock drawing or CLOX and dementia or Parkinson's Disease or AD or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or vascular dementia (VaD).Results:Twenty studies were included. In most of the studies, no significant differences were found in quantitative CDT scores between AD and VaD, DLB, and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) patients. However, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients consistently scored higher on the CDT than AD patients. Qualitative analyses of errors differentiated AD from other types of dementia.Conclusions:Overall, the CDT score may be useful in distinguishing between AD and FTD patients, but shows limited value in differentiating between AD and VaD, DLB, and PDD. Qualitative analysis of the type of CDT errors may be a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of the types of dementias.

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