Performance at the clock drawing test of individuals affected by Parkinson’s disease and healthy subjects: a retrospective study

Aims. The realization of an experimental set-up for the quantitative and objective description of drawing using optoelectronic systems, which could be used when a quantification of the realization of specific drawing tests is required.Methods. Healthy subjects, subjects with Parkinson's Disease and subjects with Parkinson's Disease and Dementia were evaluated by the Mini Mental Scale Evaluation and by a new approach to the Clock Drawing Test, based on an optoelectronic acquisition. The new protocol hereby described aims to define a parameter related to the movement kinematics in the Clock Drawing test execution.Results. The experimental set-up revealed to be valid introducing new objective measurements beside the subjective Clock Drawing Test. This paper suggests the applicability of this protocol to other fields of motor and cognitive valuation, as well as the introduction of new parameters related to the graphic movement.

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Reyersal of a Visuospatial Deficit on the Clock Drawing Test in Parkinson's Disease by Reatment with Weak Electromagnetic Fields

International Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.3109/00207459508999805 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 82 (3-4) ◽

pp. 255-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Reuven Sandyk

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test

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Comparison of the use of screening tools for evaluating cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1004015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 344-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Carlos Henrique Ferreira Camargo ◽

Eduardo de Souza Tolentino ◽

Augusto Bronzini ◽

Marcelo de Araújo Ladeira ◽

Ronilson Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination ◽

Movement Disorder Society

ABSTRACT Background: Screening tests have been used for cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: This study compared the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the clock drawing test for this purpose. Methods: A total of 50 patients with PD were selected, 41 (82%) were diagnosed with dementia by the criteria of the Movement Disorder Society. The test Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was used as the gold standard in comparison with the screening tests. Results: The MoCA test (AUC=0.906) had a sensitivity of 87.80% and specificity of 88.89%. When the MMSE was associated with the clock drawing test (AUC=0.936), it had a specificity of 66.67% and sensitivity of up to 97.56%. Conclusion: The study suggests that the MoCA test can be a good screening test in PD. However, MMSE associated with the clock drawing test may be more effective than the MoCA test.

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Can clock drawing differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other dementias?

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610215000939 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1649-1660 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lynnette Pei Lin Tan ◽

Nathan Herrmann ◽

Brian J. Mainland ◽

Kenneth Shulman

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Lewy Bodies ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Search Terms ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Qualitative Analyses

ABSTRACTBackground:Studies have shown the clock-drawing test (CDT) to be a useful screening test that differentiates between normal, elderly populations, and those diagnosed with dementia. However, the results of studies which have looked at the utility of the CDT to help differentiate Alzheimer's disease (AD) from other dementias have been conflicting. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the CDT in discriminating between patients with AD and other types of dementia.Methods:A review was conducted using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Embase. Search terms included clock drawing or CLOX and dementia or Parkinson's Disease or AD or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or vascular dementia (VaD).Results:Twenty studies were included. In most of the studies, no significant differences were found in quantitative CDT scores between AD and VaD, DLB, and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) patients. However, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients consistently scored higher on the CDT than AD patients. Qualitative analyses of errors differentiated AD from other types of dementia.Conclusions:Overall, the CDT score may be useful in distinguishing between AD and FTD patients, but shows limited value in differentiating between AD and VaD, DLB, and PDD. Qualitative analysis of the type of CDT errors may be a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of the types of dementias.

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Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and vascular dementia: the role of the clock-drawing test

Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1111/psyg.12294 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cettina Allone ◽

Viviana Lo Buono ◽

Francesco Corallo ◽

Lilla Bonanno ◽

Rosanna Palmeri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Vascular Dementia ◽

Alzheimer’S Dementia ◽

Alzheimer's Dementia ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test

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Quantitative digital clock drawing test as a sensitive tool to detect subtle cognitive impairments in early stage Parkinson's disease

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.08.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tamara Schejter-Margalit ◽

Rachel Kizony ◽

Julia Shirvan ◽

Jesse M. Cedarbaum ◽

Noa Bregman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Early Stage ◽

Cognitive Impairments ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Digital Clock ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Sensitive Tool

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Early impairment of cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2007000300008 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 65 (2b) ◽

pp. 406-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Florindo Stella ◽

Lilian T. B. Gobbi ◽

Sebastião Gobbi ◽

Merlyn M. Oliani ◽

Kátia Tanaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽

Predictive Tool ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Visuospatial Skills ◽

Disease Rating

BACKGROUND: Impairment in non-motor functions such as disturbances of some executive functions are also common events in Parkinson's disease patients. OBJECTIVE: To verify the performance of Parkinson's disease patients in activities requiring visuoconstructive and visuospatial skills. METHOD: Thirty elderly patients with mild or moderate stages of Parkinson's disease were studied. The assessment of the clinical condition was based on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (56.28; SD=33.48), Hoehn and Yahr (2.2; SD=0.83), Schwab and England (78.93%), clock drawing test (7.36; SD=2.51), and mini-mental state examination (26.48; SD=10.11). Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The patients presented deterioration in visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills. CONCLUSION: The clock drawing test proved to be a useful predictive tool for identifying early cognitive impairment in thesbe individuals.

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The Mini-Cog, Clock Drawing Test, and the Mini-Mental State Examination in a German Memory Clinic: specificity of separation dementia from depression

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s104161021200141x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 96-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Monika Milian ◽

Anna-Maria Leiherr ◽

Guido Straten ◽

Stephan Müller ◽

Thomas Leyhe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental State ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Depression Severity ◽

Memory Clinic ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination

ABSTRACTBackground: The aim of this study was to assess the specificities of the Mini-Cog, the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) against depression and healthy controls in a German Memory Clinic. Furthermore, we analyzed the specificities of all three screening instruments in dependence of actual depression severity.Methods: Data from 142 depressed elderly, 438 dementia patients, and 64 healthy controls were retrospectively analyzed. The CDT and an extraction of the three-item recall of the MMSE were used to constitute the Mini-Cog algorithm. Depression severity was rated by either the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) depending on the age of the patients.Results: The Mini-Cog achieved a specificity of 79.6% against depressed elderly and 100.0% against healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Similarly, the specificities of the CDT (83.8%) and MMSE (92.3% at a cut-off ≤24 and 90.8% at ≤25, respectively) against healthy subjects were significantly higher than the specificities against depressed patients (each p < 0.05). Concerning the depressed patients, the MMSE demonstrated significant higher specificity than the Mini-Cog and the CDT, but also showed the lowest sensitivity for the detection of dementia. Surprisingly, the depression severity had no effect on the specificity of the Mini-Cog and the CDT, only the MMSE was susceptible for the depression severity.Conclusion: Although the MMSE showed higher specificities, the weighting between the sensitivities and specificities in all tests prove again the Mini-Cog as a short, valid, and sensitive screening tool.

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