Electrically Heated Catalysts for Cold-Start Emission Control on Gasoline- and Methanol-Fueled Vehicles

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Heimrich ◽  
S. Albu ◽  
M. Ahuja

Cold-start emissions from current technology vehicles equipped with catalytic converters can account for over 80 percent of the emissions produced during the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Excessive pollutants can be emitted for a period of one to two minutes following cold engine starting, partially because the catalyst has not reached an efficient operating temperature. Electrically heated catalysts, which are heated prior to engine starting, have been identified as a potential strategy for controlling cold-start emissions. This paper summarizes the emission results of three gasoline-fueled and three methanol-fueled vehicles equipped with electrically heated catalyst systems. Results from these vehicles demonstrate that heated catalyst technology can provide FTP emission levels of nonmethane organic gases (NMOG), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) that show promise of meeting the Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards established by the California Air Resources Board.

Author(s):  
C. D. Haynes ◽  
M. Southall

The work in this report was prompted by the probability of legislation in most European countries to limit the emission of carbon monoxide and possibly unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhausts of petrol-engined vehicles. A draft method of testing has already been agreed upon and this work was carried out in accordance with this draft procedure. The object of the work was to establish the baseline emissions of vehicles currently in service in Great Britain and, to achieve this, approximately 100 cars, representative of the age and engine capacity distribution of the population of Great Britain, were tested. The full test procedure consists of four cycles of a specified speed–time relationship driven from cold in which the exhaust gas is collected in bags for subsequent measurement of gas volume and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations. For greater convenience, most tests were run from the hot condition and corrections applied to give the equivalent cold start data. These corrections, obtained by comparison of emissions from hot and cold start tests, were factors of 1·05 for mass and 0·95 for concentration. The results of tests indicated that the average emission of carbon monoxide for cars in service in Great Britain is 172 g for the four cycles of the test procedure from a cold start, which is equivalent to a concentration of 3·4 per cent; the range of emissions is from 0·60 to 7·36 per cent. Although considered of less importance in Europe, hydrocarbons were also measured and gave an average emission of 11·0 g from a cold start. Simple engine maintenance, such as corrections of ignition faults and carburettor maladjustments, was carried out on about half of the vehicles tested; these vehicles were representative of the sample as a whole and the maintenance resulted in a 20 per cent reduction in average carbon monoxide mass emissions and 10 per cent reduction in average hydrocarbon emissions. Idle emission measurements were carried out with the vehicles hot. These varied from 0·2 to over 11·6 per cent carbon monoxide, with an average level of 6·1 per cent. The average hydrocarbon emission was 1550 p.p.m. Engine tuning reduced the average idle carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions by 29 and 40 per cent respectively. The idle setting was found to have a marked effect on emissions over the cycle, probably because of the large percentage of time in the cycle which is at very light throttle opening or closed. Some comparisons were also made between the results in relation to the U.S. Federal and proposed European test methods, but results were too scattered to warrant firm conclusions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soni S. Wirawan dkk

Biodiesel is a viable substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Its advantages are improved lubricity, higher cetane number and cleaner emission. Biodiesel and its blends with petroleum-based diesel fuel can be used in diesel engines without any signifi cant modifi cations to the engines. Data from the numerous research reports and test programs showed that as the percent of biodiesel in blends increases, emission of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) all decrease, but the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and fuel consumption is tend to increase. The most signifi cant hurdle for broader commercialization of biodiesel is its cost. In current fuel price policy in Indonesia (especially fuel for transportation), the higher percent of biodiesel in blend will increase the price of blends fuel. The objective of this study is to assess the optimum blends of biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel fuel from the technically and economically consideration. The study result recommends that 20% biodiesel blend with 80% petroleum-based diesel fuel (B20) is the optimum blend for unmodifi ed diesel engine uses.Keywords: biodiesel, emission, optimum, blend


Author(s):  
R. J. Ketterer ◽  
N. R. Dibelius

This paper summarizes regulations from 80 countries covering air pollution emissions from gas turbines. The paper includes emission and ground level concentration standards for particulates, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, visible emissions, and carbon monoxide.


Volume 2 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhuri Jakkaraju ◽  
Vasudha Patri

I. C. Engines consume large amounts of fossil fuel emitting harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By using a catalytic converter (CC), the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon emissions can be transformed into less harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) & water vapor (H2O). Currently available CC’s are using costly noble metals like platinum (pt), palladium (pd), rhodium (rh) etc., hence making them expensive. This paper deals with the use of low-cost palletized silver coated alumina as the catalyst element in a CC. In this study, alumina and silver were used in the ratio of 10:1. All tests have been conducted on a stationary S.I. Engine at a constant speed of 1500 r.p.m with and without CC. Also, the performance of the palletized CC in combination with promoters like Bismuth, Cerium and Lanthanum was tested which have shown better results than silver alone as the coating element. It has been experimentally determined that the CO emissions have dropped from 7.25 (% vol) to 3.03(% vol) and the HC values have reduced from 350 ppm to 190 ppm.


Author(s):  
Alan Metzger

With the approach of the 1990 Clean Air Act compliance limits, the race is on to produce a functional, low-emission gas turbine. While most prototype Dry Low NOx (DLN) gas turbines are based on existing designs, the leap in technology required to meet NOx abatement levels is significant. To meet these goals, significant testing is required before low-emission turbines are ready for commercial production. This paper describes the test procedure that was used to verify control system and modulating valve technology for Turbo Power & Marine’s FT8-2™ Dry Low NOx prototype turbine. In particular, dynamic turbine simulation before the actual engine test will be discussed. The method and benefits of this test procedure will be presented.


1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Fowler ◽  
V. J. Castrop ◽  
C. O. Durbin ◽  
E. J. Marville ◽  
L. H. Nagler ◽  
...  

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