Opportunities for sustainable development of the Russian economy and social sphere through the use of carbon-free technologies

В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы перехода мировой и российской экономики на низкоуглеродные и безуглеродные технологии. Отмечается влияние стран и отраслей экономики на эмиссию парниковых газов. Приведены основные факторы парниковых газов в Российской экономике, крупные отрасли-эмитенты использования парниковых газов в энергетике горно-химического, нефтехимического производства, машиностроения и др., а также в отраслях сельского хозяйства. Определены основные угрозы для российской экономики в связи с переходом на низкоуглеродные и безуглеродные технологии. Подчеркивается значимость рынков стран и регионов для российских товаров, и как следствие потери для экономики страны с переходом стран – партнеров на сокращение выбросов углеводорода. В долгосрочной перспективе приводятся данные как отражение объемов непосредственных финансовых потерь российский компаний – экспортеров по отдельным отраслям в условиях реализации основных направлений развития безуглеродных технологий в стране. Богатая ресурсная база страны дает определенные преимущества. Одним из возможностей для российской экономики является учет и признание на мировом уровне поглощающей способности лесов. Отмечается необходимость разработки и реализации мероприятий по постепенному переходу на низкоуглеродные технологии в отраслях экономики. The article examines topical issues of the transition of the global and Russian economies to low-carbon and carbon-free technologies. The influence of countries and sectors of the economy on the emission of greenhouse gases is noted. The main factors of greenhouse gases in the Russian economy, large industries that emit greenhouse gases – energy, mining and chemical, petrochemical production, mechanical engineering, etc., as well as agriculture – were listed. The main threats to the Russian economy in connection with the transition to low-carbon and carbon-free technologies were identified. The importance of the markets of countries and regions for Russian goods and, as a consequence, losses for the country’s economy with the transition of partner countries to reducing hydrocarbon emissions is emphasized. It shows both the size of the direct financial losses of Russian exporting companies by industry and in the long term. The main directions for the development of carbon-free technologies in the country were determined, relying on a rich resource base, which gives Russia certain advantages. One of the opportunities for the Russian economy is the accounting and recognition at the world level of the absorbing capacity of forests. The need to develop and implement measures for the gradual transition to low-carbon technologies in the sectors of the economy is noted.

Assesment of the possibility of using nanomaterials as fuel additives in combustion engines

Nanomaterials are a new group that has quickly found a wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetology, the food, weapons or automotive industry. They are also used as a fuel additive. This paper reviews the literature and assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles in automotive engine fuels. The results obtained so far are presented and further research directions in this field are identified Conclusion: The results of the review showed a discrepancy, selected groups favor the reduction of harmful gas emissions, while others do not and even increase emissions, e.g. the use of carbon nanotubes contributes to the increase in the emission of environmentally harmful nitrogen oxides, while the presence of graphene oxide reduces it. An interesting observation is also the fact that groups such as titanium and graphene oxide reduce the emission of harmful carbon monoxide by improving fuel combustion from semi-combustion to complete combustion, but at the same time increase CO2 emissions, which in turn is a greenhouse gas The whole group of nanomaterials contributes to the reduction of hydrocarbon emissions Nanomaterials improve the quality of fuel combustion The review shows tests only on diesel and a mixture with biodiesel in the review there were no studies for gasoline

The continuum of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) activation mechanisms and terminology

As a rapidly growing field across all areas of chemistry, C-H activation/functionalisation is being used to access a wide range of important molecular targets. Of particular interest is the development of a sustainable methodology for alkane functionalisation as a means for reducing hydrocarbon emissions. This Perspective aims to give an outline to the community with respect to commonly used terminology in C-H activation, as well as the mechanisms that are currently understood to operate for (cyclo)alkane activation/functionalisation.

Green Economy and Meat Processing–Future Prospects

This paper provides a brief overview of the possible strategies for reducing hydrocarbon emissions from the meat industry according to the Green Deal program of the EU in the next decades. An overview of emerging technologies (high-pressure processing (HPP), shock wave technology (SW), ohmic heating (OH) and pulsed electric field (PEF), cultured meat) that should reduce gas emissions is given, as well as methodologies that can be applied (labelling, sustainable cooking, product lifecycle management (PLM) and product data management (PDM) applications). Noticeably, most novel strategies draw the conclusion that we should go for lower consumption of meat, especially beef, and change habits to eat and prepare foods in energy and environmentally friendly ways, as well as apply the so-called “green” food declaration in the future. Transforming into a climate-friendly economy, protecting biodiversity, and reorienting the agri-food industry growth can contribute to creating greater resilience of society.

Efficiency enhancement of the vehicle fuel tank ventilation system by improving its architecture and design

Hydrocarbon emissions from fuel evaporation contribute significantly to the total emissions of harmful substances from vehicles with forced spark ignition. To meet the legally established standards for limiting hydrocarbon emissions from evaporation, all current vehicles use fuel vapor control systems. The design of the system can vary and depends on the sales market of a particular vehicle. This article describes the development of this system for the market of the Russian Federation, as well as optimization for promising sales markets with more stringent environmental requirements.

Performance and Emissions of Mixed Ethanol-Biodiesel Calophyllum Inophyllum Fueled Diesel Engine

This article evaluated the use of biodiesel from the Nyamplung seed oil (calophyllum inophyllum) and ethanol for petrodiesel mixture without modifying the diesel engine test instrument. The three tests were applied to each load on the test machine from 0 to 800 W with increments of 200 W at a constant engine speed of 2400 rpm. In this study, the percentage of biodiesel was 30%, while the ethanol was 10% and 20%, respectively. The percentage of petrodiesel decreased with the percentage of ethanol. From the analysis result of engine performance characteristics and exhaust emissions, it can be concluded that the addition of 20% ethanol and 30% biodiesel indicated the best engine performance characteristics with decreasing specific energy consumption up to 4.19% and the enhancement of effective thermal efficiency up to 1.60%. Furthermore, preferable combustion quality also reduced carbon monoxide emissions up to 28.57% and hydrocarbon emissions up to 32.02%.

Analysis of the vaporization processes in the vehicle fuel tank. New equation for determining the vapor amount

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Hydrocarbon emissions from vaporizationtank fuel contribute significantly to the total emissions of hazardous substances from vehicles equipped with spark ignition engines. To meet the established standards for limiting hydrocarbon emissions caused by evaporation, all modern vehicles use fuel vapor recovery systems, the optimal parameters of which require the availability and application of mathematical models and methods for their determination.The purpose of the research was to develop a model of vapor generation processes in the car fuel tank and a methodology for determining the main quantitative parameters of the vapor-air mixture.Methodology and research methods. The analysis of the processes of vapor generation in the fuel tank was carried out. It was shown that the mass of hydrocarbons generated in the steam space was directly proportional to its volume and did not depend on the amount of fuel in the tank.Scientific novelty and results. New analytical dependences of the vaporization amount on the saturated vapor pressure, barometric pressure, initial fuel temperature and fuel heating during parking have been obtained.Practical significance. A formula was obtained to estimate the temperature of gasoline boiling starting in the tank, depending on the altitude above sea level and the volatility of gasoline, determined by the pressure of saturated vapors. Using the new equations, the vaporization analysis in real situations (parking, idling, refueling, explosive concentration of vapors) was carried out.