S. I. Engine Pollution Control Using Low-Cost Palletized Catalytic Converter

Volume 2 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhuri Jakkaraju ◽  
Vasudha Patri
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

I. C. Engines consume large amounts of fossil fuel emitting harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By using a catalytic converter (CC), the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon emissions can be transformed into less harmful carbon dioxide (CO2) & water vapor (H2O). Currently available CC’s are using costly noble metals like platinum (pt), palladium (pd), rhodium (rh) etc., hence making them expensive. This paper deals with the use of low-cost palletized silver coated alumina as the catalyst element in a CC. In this study, alumina and silver were used in the ratio of 10:1. All tests have been conducted on a stationary S.I. Engine at a constant speed of 1500 r.p.m with and without CC. Also, the performance of the palletized CC in combination with promoters like Bismuth, Cerium and Lanthanum was tested which have shown better results than silver alone as the coating element. It has been experimentally determined that the CO emissions have dropped from 7.25 (% vol) to 3.03(% vol) and the HC values have reduced from 350 ppm to 190 ppm.

scholarly journals Practicality and humaneness of euthanasia of pest birds with compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) from petrol engine exhaust

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Tidemann ◽  
Daryl H. King
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Common Myna ◽  
Live Trapping ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Feral birds degrade the environment and have an adverse impact on human health, welfare and economy in many parts of the world. In eastern Australia, common myna (Acridotheres tristis), common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus) have recently become targets of community groups seeking to control impacts by selective live-trapping. We sought a safe and practical euthanasia method that could be recommended to such groups for humanely destroying trapped birds. We compared the practicality and humaneness of the following two commonly available inhalant euthanasia agents: (1) carbon dioxide (CO2) from cylinders and (2) carbon monoxide (CO) from cooled exhaust from idling petrol engines. Test birds were euthanased in conditions that promoted calm (small groups of birds; small covered chambers with perches). Video recordings were analysed in real time and at 1/10 speed for signs of distress, and times to recumbency and last movement. In all, 25 mynas and 24 starlings were euthanased with CO2, and 32 mynas, 30 starlings and 8 sparrows with CO. Times to recumbency for birds euthanased with CO2 varied from 20 to 85 s and time to last movement from 65 to 153 s. For birds euthanased with CO, these times were 7–180 s and 43–240 s respectively. Mynas and starlings euthanased with CO2 showed substantially more signs of distress (gaping and head-shaking) before recumbency than did birds euthanased with CO, although this was less pronounced if the concentration was increased slowly. No signs of distress were observed in any birds euthanased with CO, irrespective of the rate at which the concentration was increased. CO produced a comparably rapid, and more humane death than did CO2 in birds of all three study species. The study indicated that, with simple precautions to avoid accidental exposure, CO in cooled exhaust from petrol engines provides a safe, rapid and humane agent for euthanasing mynas, starlings and sparrows, that is readily available at a very low cost. We tested only three species, and the results suggested that it would be useful to re-examine the embargo against animal euthanasia via engine exhaust, that exists in many jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Comparing the Use of High- to Low-Cost Black Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Sensors for Characterizing On-Road Diesel Truck Emissions

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6714
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Sugrue ◽  
Chelsea V. Preble ◽  
Thomas W. Kirchstetter
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The exhaust plume capture method is a commonly used approach to measure pollutants emitted by in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks. Lower cost sensors, if used in place of traditional research-grade analyzers, could enable wider application of this method, including use as a monitoring tool to identify high-emitting trucks that may warrant inspection and maintenance. However, low-cost sensors have for the most part only been evaluated under ambient conditions as opposed to source-influenced environments with rapidly changing pollutant concentrations. This study compared black carbon (BC) emission factors determined using different BC and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors that range in cost from $200 to $20,000. Controlled laboratory experiments show that traditional zero and span steady-state calibration checks are not robust indicators of sensor performance when sampling short duration concentration peaks. Fleet BC emission factor distributions measured at two locations at the Port of Oakland in California with 16 BC/CO2 sensor pairs were similar, but unique sensor pairs identified different high-emitting trucks. At one location, the low-cost PP Systems SBA-5 agreed on the classification of 90% of the high emitters identified by the LI-COR LI-7000 when both were paired with the Magee Scientific AE33. Conversely, lower cost BC sensors when paired with the LI-7000 misclassified more than 50% of high emitters when compared to the AE33/LI-7000. Confidence in emission factor quantification and high-emitter identification improves with larger integrated peak areas of CO2 and especially BC. This work highlights that sensor evaluation should be conducted under application-specific conditions, whether that be for ambient air monitoring or source characterization.

Design, Modeling and Simulation of CMOS-MEMS Piezoresistive Cantilever Based Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor for Capnometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 3769-3774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asif Mirza ◽  
Nor Hisham Hamid ◽  
Mohd Haris Md Khir ◽  
Khalid Ashraf ◽  
M.T. Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Fully Differential ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Relative Change

This paper reports design, modeling and simulation of MEMS based sensor working in dynamic mode with fully differential piezoresistive sensing for monitoring the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in human breath called capnometer. CO2 being a very important biomarker, it is desirable to extend the scope of its monitoring beyond clinical use to home and ambulatory services. Currently the scope of capnometers and its adaption is limited by high cost, large size and high power consumption of conventional capnometers . In recent years, MEMS based micro resonant sensors have received considerable attention due to their potential as a platform for the development of many novel physical, chemical, and biological sensors with small size, low cost and low power requirements. The sensor is designed using 0.35 micron CMOS technology. CoventorWare and MATLAB have been used as simulation software. According to the developed model and simulation results the resonator has resonant frequency 57393 Hz and mass sensitivity of 3.2 Hz/ng. The results show that the longitudinal relative change of resistance is 0.24%/µm while the transverse relative change of resistance is -0.03%/µm.

Control of S.I. Engine Exhaust Emissions Using Non-Precious Catalyst (ZSM-5) Supported Bimetals and Noble Metals as Catalyst

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bankim B. Ghosh ◽  
Prokash Chandra Roy ◽  
Mita Ghosh ◽  
Paritosh Bhattacharya ◽  
Rajsekhar Panua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metal ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Bimetallic Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Noble Metal Catalysts ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Wide Range

Three Way Catalysts (TWC) are extensively used for simultaneous control of three principal automotive pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and hydrocarbon (HC). Most of works on three way catalytic converter have been carried out with noble metals such as Platinum, Rhodium, and Iridium have been tried individually and in different combinations and proportions. Noble metal catalysts give very good performance of reduction of (NOx), CO and HC in the narrow range of stoichiometric Air Fuel ratio. Noble metals are costly and not abundantly available. These draw backs of the noble metal catalysts have inspired to search for the alternative catalysts, which will perform well over the wide range of A/F ratio and are economical and abundantly available. This paper discusses the processing of ZSM-5 to Cu-Ion- Exchanged ZSM-5, ZSM-5 supported Cu-Pt bimetallic catalyst and Cu-Rh bimetallic catalyst and placing them in a three staged converter to study the reduction efficiencies of exhaust emissions CO, NOx, and HC in a 800 cc Maruti S. I. Engine. The experiments are carried out at 1500 rpm, 17.6 A/F ratio, different catalyst bed temperatures and different engine loads 0%, 17.5%, 35%, 52.5%, and 70% of full load. The results achieved are the maximum reduction of CO 90% at 375 °C NOx 90% at 375 °C and HC 61% at 380 °C. The same engine was also run for Noble metal converter (NMC) (EURO-II) purchased from an authorized Maruti distributor and the maximum reduction achieved were CO 89% at 375° C, NOx 91% at 375° C, and HC 70% at 390° C comparable to Zeolite Catalytic Converter (ZCC).

Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converter Using Different Wash Coat Material

2014 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Karthickeyan ◽  
P. Arulraj
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Co Emission

Almost all automobiles in the world are emitting a huge amount of exhaust gases to the atmosphere every day. These exhaust gas contains harmful substances like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and other toxic substances. If these substances go on increasing they will cause several diseases like blood circulatory problem, lung diseases, bronchitis, blood cancer, etc. Also they may cause different environmental problems like acid rain, green house effect, etc. So, the emission of these substances should be controlled as far as possible. This project work presents a new catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. The catalytic converter is developed based on the catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide coated with wire mesh filter. Both the catalyst materials - aluminum oxide and cerium oxide are inexpensive in comparison with conventional catalysts such as palladium or platinum. The main objective of this work is to control the NOx, CO emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a computerized single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN TEMBAGA SEBAGAI BAHAN CATALYTIC CONVERTER TERHADAP PERFORMA MESIN SEPEDA MOTOR SATRIA FU 150

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaki ◽  
Abdul Ghofur ◽  
Sigit Mujiarto
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Copper Catalyst ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Copper Plate

Many motorcycles  increased  within past few years, the gas emmited from the motorclyce will be polluted  the population. One of technology that can reduce the emmited gas is using catalytic converter on the muffler. Catalytic converter is a catalyst that can alter or accelerate a matter (chemical reaction) of a carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. In this research will use two types of catalytic converter that is honey comb and a copper plate. From the test can be seen that the catalytic converter with a honey comb shape better in terms of engine performance than the catalytic converter shaped plate. Compared wihtout any catalytic converter, the highest percentage honey comb catalyst reduce  the power within 0.12 HP, and torque increased to 0.04 Nm. While the highest copper catalyst  that reduce the power within 0.71 HP, and torque decreased to 0.2 Nm.

scholarly journals Determination of the optimal composition of mixed fuel based on the environmental performance of a diesel engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
S.A. Plotnikov ◽  
◽  
Sh.V. Buzikov ◽  
I.S. Kozlov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Bench Tests ◽  
Mixed Fuel ◽  
Unburned Hydrocarbons ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The use of rapeseed oil (RO) in tractor engines and other agricultural machinery in its pure form or a mixture of RO with diesel fuel (DF) imposes a number of limitations associated with some dif-ference in physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the most promising is the use of mixed fuel (MF) consisting of DF and RO. The purpose of these studies is to determine the optimal composi-tion of the MF, consisting of DF and RM by optimizing the approximated dependences of the envi-ronmental indicators of a diesel engine. To solve this problem, bench tests of the operation of the D-245.5S diesel engine (4ChN 11.0 / 12.5) were carried out. The following determined environmental performance indicators of a diesel engine are selected: soot (С), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The studies were carried out on various compositions of MF, consisting of 80% DF and 20% RO, 55% DF and 45% RO, 20% DF and 80% RO by weight, respectively. As a result of the bench tests, two load characteris-tics were obtained, the one at a speed of n = 1400 min-1 corresponding to the value of the maximum torque, and the second at a speed of n = 1800 min-1 corresponding to the value of the rated power, as well as the external speed characteristic of the D-245.5S tractor diesel engine (4ChN 11.0 / 12.5). The analysis of the obtained experimental data revealed the dependence of environmental indicators on the rotational speed of the diesel engine crankshaft, the average effective pressure and the addi-tion of RO in MF by weight. Using the least squares method, the approximated mathematical de-pendences of the ecological indicators of a diesel engine are determined. The analysis of the ob-tained dependencies showed that: the increase in the crankshaft speed n, the proportion of RO in MF and a decrease in the average effective pressure pe, leads to a decrease in soot С to 4.0%, nitro-gen oxides NOx to 100.0 ppm, unburned hydrocarbons CxHy to 1.0 ppm, carbon dioxide, CO2 up to 2%, and an increase in carbon monoxide CO up to 0.16%. As a result of solving the obtained system of equations for the approximated dependences of environmental indicators, the optimal addition of RO to MF of up to 35% by weight was determined.

scholarly journals Performance and exhaust gases of a diesel engine using different magnetic treatments of the fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 6285-6294
Author(s):  
R. Arias Gilart ◽  
M. R. B. Ungaro ◽  
C. E. A. Rodríguez ◽  
J. F. F. Hernández ◽  
M. C. Sofia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Magnetic Treatment ◽  
Static Magnetic Fields ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In this research, different magnetic treatments were applied to diesel fuel using static magnetic fields of 0.36T of magnetic induction. The magnetic conditioners (MCs) were installed in different positions of the fuel lines in the engine and the magnetic treatment of the diesel was also carried out before introducing it into the engine tanks. The study was conducted using a four-stroke, two-cylinder, Lister Petter (LPWS2) engine with a compression ratio of 23.5:1 and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen oxides and the temperature of the exhaust gases and the mass consumption of fuel were measured. The highest levels of reduction were achieved with the magnetic treatments that locate the MC directly in the engine's pipes. As the number of MC in the engine pipes increases, the emissions of polluting gases decrease. With the treatment that locates one MC in front of each injector, two MC at the entrance of the filter and two MC in the return of fuel were able to increase the O2 emissions by 6.9% and decrease the CO emissions in about 21.3% in the last load of the generator set. With this treatment a decrease in fuel consumption of 4.89% to 80% of engine load was obtained.

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