The Effect of Water/Residual Oil Emulsions on Air Pollutant Emissions and Efficiency of Commercial Boilers

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Particulate Mass ◽  
Oil Emulsions

Two commercially available water-in-oil emulsifiers were tested to determine the effect of water/residual oil emulsions on air pollutant emissions and thermal efficiency of a packaged boiler. Of the two emulsifiers, one (Cottell reactor) utilized low pressure mechanical and ultrasonic energy and the other (total emulsifier) utilized high pressure mechanical energy. Each emulsifier was tested at a constant oil flow rate with varying amounts of water over a range of stoichiometric ratios. Water/residual oil emulsions from both emulsifiers significantly reduced particulate mass. With the Cottell reactor smoke emissions were significantly reduced, whereas with the Total emulsifier smoke emissions increased and peaked with a 20 percent water emulsion, then decreased as water was increased to 30 percent. Neither emulsifier had any significant effect on emissions of NO, SO2, or HC when firing water/residual oil emulsions. Both emulsifiers were capable of improving efficiency by approximately 2 percent under certain conditions.

Performance and Air Pollutant Emissions of an Experimental Water/Residual Oil Emulsion Burner in a Commercial Boiler

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-796
Author(s):  
J. Taylor Beard ◽  
R. E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Particulate Mass ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Pollution Emissions

The performance and air pollution emissions of an experimental water/oil emulsion burner are presented. The burner was fired with two residual oils at selected emulsion water fractions. In addition, various stoichiometric ratios and two load conditions were used to determine how operational parameters influenced the results. Particulate mass emissions and particle size distributions are presented. Examples show that, even though particulate mass may decrease, the total amount of fine particulate emissions may increase by using water/oil emulsions. The performance of the boiler is reduced when large fractions of water are used in the emulsion due to latent heat losses. This performance loss may be only slightly recovered by operating at a reduced stoichiometric ratio corresponding to a smoke limit. NOx and CO emissions data are also presented for various test conditions, but neither were affected significantly by use of water/oil emulsions.

scholarly journals Changes in global air pollutant emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a dataset for atmospheric modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4191-4206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierno Doumbia ◽  
Claire Granier ◽  
Nellie Elguindi ◽  
Idir Bouarar ◽  
Sabine Darras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In order to fight the spread of the global COVID-19 pandemic, most of the world's countries have taken control measures such as lockdowns during a few weeks to a few months. These lockdowns had significant impacts on economic and personal activities in many countries. Several studies using satellite and surface observations have reported important changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases. Global and regional chemistry-transport model studies are being performed in order to analyze the impact of these lockdowns on the distribution of atmospheric compounds. These modeling studies aim at evaluating the impact of the regional lockdowns at the global scale. In order to provide input for the global and regional model simulations, a dataset providing adjustment factors (AFs) that can easily be applied to current global and regional emission inventories has been developed. This dataset provides, for the January–August 2020 period, gridded AFs at a 0.1×0.1 latitude–longitude degree resolution on a daily or monthly basis for the transportation (road, air and ship traffic), power generation, industry and residential sectors. The quantification of AFs is based on activity data collected from different databases and previously published studies. A range of AFs are provided at each grid point for model sensitivity studies. The emission AFs developed in this study are applied to the CAMS global inventory (CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v4.2_R1.1), and the changes in emissions of the main pollutants are discussed for different regions of the world and the first 6 months of 2020. Maximum decreases in the total emissions are found in February in eastern China, with an average reduction of 20 %–30 % in NOx, NMVOCs (non-methane volatile organic compounds) and SO2 relative to the reference emissions. In the other regions, the maximum changes occur in April, with average reductions of 20 %–30 % for NOx, NMVOCs and CO in Europe and North America and larger decreases (30 %–50 %) in South America. In India and African regions, NOx and NMVOC emissions are reduced on average by 15 %–30 %. For the other species, the maximum reductions are generally less than 15 %, except in South America, where large decreases in CO and BC (black carbon) are estimated. As discussed in the paper, reductions vary highly across regions and sectors due to the differences in the duration of the lockdowns before partial or complete recovery. The dataset providing a range of AFs (average and average ± standard deviation) is called CONFORM (COvid-19 adjustmeNt Factors fOR eMissions) (https://doi.org/10.25326/88; Doumbia et al., 2020). It is distributed by the Emissions of atmospheric Compounds and Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) database (https://eccad.aeris-data.fr/, last access: 23 August 2021).

MITIGATION OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS: VACUUM vs. CONVENTIONAL SEWER SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Lazar ◽  
Iulia Carmen Ciobotici Terryn ◽  
Andreea Cocarcea
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant

scholarly journals Abrupt but smaller than expected changes in surface air quality attributable to COVID-19 lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. eabd6696
Author(s):  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Congbo Song ◽  
Bowen Liu ◽  
Gongda Lu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Learning Technique ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Gaseous Oxidant ◽  
Sophisticated Analysis ◽  
Limited Change

The COVID-19 lockdowns led to major reductions in air pollutant emissions. Here, we quantitatively evaluate changes in ambient NO2, O3, and PM2.5 concentrations arising from these emission changes in 11 cities globally by applying a deweathering machine learning technique. Sudden decreases in deweathered NO2 concentrations and increases in O3 were observed in almost all cities. However, the decline in NO2 concentrations attributable to the lockdowns was not as large as expected, at reductions of 10 to 50%. Accordingly, O3 increased by 2 to 30% (except for London), the total gaseous oxidant (Ox = NO2 + O3) showed limited change, and PM2.5 concentrations decreased in most cities studied but increased in London and Paris. Our results demonstrate the need for a sophisticated analysis to quantify air quality impacts of interventions and indicate that true air quality improvements were notably more limited than some earlier reports or observational data suggested.

scholarly journals The effects of energy paths and emission controls and standards on future trends in China's emissions of primary air pollutants

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 8849-8868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhao ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
C. P. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Emission Control ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Emission Controls ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutant

Abstract. To examine the efficacy of China's actions to control atmospheric pollution, three levels of growth of energy consumption and three levels of implementation of emission controls are estimated, generating a total of nine combined activity-emission control scenarios that are then used to estimate trends of national emissions of primary air pollutants through 2030. The emission control strategies are expected to have more effects than the energy paths on the future emission trends for all the concerned pollutants. As recently promulgated national action plans of air pollution prevention and control (NAPAPPC) are implemented, China's anthropogenic pollutant emissions should decline. For example, the emissions of SO2, NOx, total suspended particles (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 are estimated to decline 7, 20, 41, 34, and 31% from 2010 to 2030, respectively, in the "best guess" scenario that includes national commitment of energy saving policy and implementation of NAPAPPC. Should the issued/proposed emission standards be fully achieved, a less likely scenario, annual emissions would be further reduced, ranging from 17 (for primary PM2.5) to 29% (for NOx) declines in 2015, and the analogue numbers would be 12 and 24% in 2030. The uncertainties of emission projections result mainly from the uncertain operational conditions of swiftly proliferating air pollutant control devices and lack of detailed information about emission control plans by region. The predicted emission trends by sector and chemical species raise concerns about current pollution control strategies: the potential for emissions abatement in key sectors may be declining due to the near saturation of emission control devices use; risks of ecosystem acidification could rise because emissions of alkaline base cations may be declining faster than those of SO2; and radiative forcing could rise because emissions of positive-forcing carbonaceous aerosols may decline more slowly than those of SO2 emissions and thereby concentrations of negative-forcing sulfate particles. Expanded control of emissions of fine particles and carbonaceous aerosols from small industrial and residential sources is recommended, and a more comprehensive emission control strategy targeting a wider range of pollutants (volatile organic compounds, NH3 and CO, etc.) and taking account of more diverse environmental impacts is also urgently needed.

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