Effect of Distributed Power Conversion on the Annual Performance of Building-Integrated PV Arrays With Complex Roof Geometries

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. MacAlpine ◽  
Michael J. Brandemuehl ◽  
Leonor L. Linares ◽  
Robert W. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Capture ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽  
The Us ◽  
In Series ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Array Performance

Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have gained greater popularity in recent years; however, their effectiveness is often limited by nonuniform operating conditions. To increase potential for energy capture in PV systems, particularly those with series string configurations, an improved module integrated dc-dc converter (MIC) with maximum power point tracking has been proposed. This paper investigates the potential power gain provided by these MICs in situations where the architecture or surroundings of a building necessitate that a PV array include panels with differing orientations, which can significantly reduce system efficiency. A flexible, comprehensive simulation model for BIPV systems is developed, which allows for variations in insolation and temperature at the PV cell level, while accurately modeling MICs and their effect on array performance. This model is used to simulate various directional array combinations in series string and parallel configurations for a representative set of climates around the US. Results of these simulations show power gains attributed to both the photovoltaic generator/converter portion of the system and to increased inverter efficiency arising from a constant, controlled string voltage. When differing panel orientations within an array are considered, there is potential for annual power output gains of over 10% for a system with MICs when compared to conventional approaches. Further opportunities for increased energy capture in a BIPV system with MICs are identified and discussed.

Analysis of Potential for Mitigation of Building-Integrated PV Array Shading Losses Through Use of Distributed Power Converters

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. MacAlpine ◽  
Michael J. Brandemuehl ◽  
Robert W. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Energy Capture ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Building Geometry ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Array Performance ◽  
The Impact

Partial shading of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) arrays is very common, as they are limited by building geometry and most often installed in crowded urban or suburban environments. Power losses in shaded BIPV systems tend to be disproportionately large, due in large part to mismatches in operating conditions between panels. Maximum power point tracking at a modular level, which can be achieved through the use of module integrated dc-dc converters (MICs), may be used to mitigate some of these losses. This paper investigates the potential power gain provided by MICs for several representative partially shaded BIPV array scenarios. A flexible, comprehensive simulation model for BIPV systems is developed, which allows for variations in insolation and temperature at the PV cell level, while accurately modeling MICs and their effect on array performance. Shadows from nearby objects are mapped onto the modeled BIPV arrays and simulated on an annual, hourly basis, with varying array configuration as well as object size and placement. Results of these simulations show that the impact of MICs on system power output varies depending on factors such as radiation availability, time shaded throughout the year, shadow size and distribution on the array, and inverter design. Annual power gains of 3–30% are realized for a moderately shaded system with MICs when compared to conventional approaches. Further opportunities for increased energy capture in a BIPV system with MICs are identified and discussed.

scholarly journals An Alternative Perturbation and Observation Modifier Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV Systems

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Anuchit Aurairat ◽  
Boonyang Plangklang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Maximum Power Point Tracking ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point

Under the current situation, it is necessary to harness solar energy to generate more electricity. However, the disadvantage of solar energy is that it takes a lot of space to install solar panels. An option to optimize PV systems is to improve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on symmetrical management has the advantage of being easy to use without updating the devices. The improved algorithm achieves symmetry between the maximum power point (MPP) and the output of the PV array, resulting in less power loss and increased system efficiency. This paper presents the MPPT of photovoltaic using the current control modifier perturbation and observation plus fuzzy logic control (CCMP&O−FLC MPPT). The algorithm of CCMP&O−FLC MPPT is applied to reduce the setting time and to reduce oscillation around the set-point at a steady state. This concept was experimented with using a boost converter with MATLAB/Simulink software package and implemented by STM32F4VGA microcontroller. The simulation and experiment results are obtained by comparison with traditional P&O under similar operating conditions. The CCMP&O−FLC MPPT can track MPP faster when the irradiation is rapidly changing and, therefore, can reduce the PV system losses. In addition, the advantages of this proposed method can also be applied to improve the performance of existing systems without modifying existing equipment, unlike modern methods that cannot be applied to older systems. The results showed that the MPPT time and the power output efficiency of the proposed algorithm were 146 milliseconds and 99.5%, respectively.

scholarly journals A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Strategy for the Building Integrated Photovoltaic System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2679
Author(s):  
Yuhang Liu ◽  
Xiangxin Liu ◽  
Jianwei Zhang ◽  
Yufeng Zhang ◽  
Ziyao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Maximum Power Point Tracking ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Variable Step Size ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽  
Photovoltaic Technology ◽  
Power Point

Thin-film photovoltaic technology has begun to be applied in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), and it is believed that thin-film photovoltaic technology has potential in building-integrated photovoltaic applications. In this paper, a hybrid approach was investigated which combined the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of three-stage variable step size with continuous conduction mode (CCM)/discontinuous current mode (DCM). The research contents of this paper include the principle analysis of the maximum power point tracking algorithm, the design of the sampling period, and the design of a double closed-loop control system and correction factor. A system model was built in MATLAB/Simulink, and a comparative simulation was carried out to compare the performance of the proposed method with some traditional methods. The simulation results show that the proposed approach has the ability to fast-track and make the system run stably. Furthermore, it can make the system respond quickly to environmental changes. An experimental platform was built, and the experimental results validated and confirmed the advantages of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Analysis and Design of a Multi-Port DC-DC Converter for Interfacing PV Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1943
Author(s):  
Bader N. Alajmi ◽  
Mostafa I. Marei ◽  
Ibrahim Abdelsalam ◽  
Mohamed F. AlHajri
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Electromagnetic Transients ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Aided Design

A high-frequency multi-port (HFMP) direct current (DC) to DC converter is presented. The proposed HFMP is utilized to interface a photovoltaic (PV) system. The presented HFMP is compact and can perform maximum power point tracking. It consists of a high-frequency transformer with many identical input windings and one output winding. Each input winding is connected to a PV module through an H-bridge inverter, and the maximum PV power is tracked using the perturb and observe (P&O) technique. The output winding is connected to a DC bus through a rectifier. The detailed analysis and operation of the proposed HFMP DC-DC converter are presented. Extensive numerical simulations are conducted, using power system computer aided design (PSCAD)/electromagnetic transients including DC (EMTDC) software, to evaluate the operation and dynamic behavior of the proposed PV interfacing scheme. In addition, an experimental setup is built to verify the performance of the HFMP DC-DC converter.

scholarly journals A Modification of the Perturb and Observe Method to Improve the Energy Harvesting of PV Systems under Partial Shading Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2521
Author(s):  
Alfredo Gil-Velasco ◽  
Carlos Aguilar-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Power ◽  
Global Maximum ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Computational Resources

There are multiples conditions that lead to partial shading conditions (PSC) in photovoltaic systems (PV). Under these conditions, the harvested energy decreases in the PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller aims to harvest the greatest amount of energy even under partial shading conditions. The simplest available MPPT algorithms fail on PSC, whereas the complex ones are effective but require high computational resources and experience in this type of systems. This paper presents a new MPPT algorithm that is simple but effective in tracking the global maximum power point even in PSC. The simulation and experimental results show excellent performance of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, a comparison with a previously proposed algorithm is presented. The comparison shows that the proposal in this paper is faster in tracking the maximum power point than complex algorithms.

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for a Solar Photovoltaic System: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Arun Shravan ◽  
D. Ebenezer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Maximum Power Point Tracking ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviour ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point

In recent years there has been a growing attention towards use of solar energy. Advantages of photovoltaic (PV) systems employed for harnessing solar energy are reduction of greenhouse gas emission, low maintenance costs, fewer limitations with regard to site of installation and absence of mechanical noise arising from moving parts. However, PV systems suffer from relatively low conversion efficiency. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar array is essential in a PV system. The nonlinear behaviour of PV systems as well as variations of the maximum power point with solar irradiance level and temperature complicates the tracking of the maximum power point. This paper reviews various MPPT methods based on three categories: offline, online and hybrid methods. Design of a PV system in a encoding environment has also been reviewed here. Furthermore, different MPPT methods are discussed in terms of the dynamic response of the PV system to variations in temperature and irradiance, attainable efficiency, and implementation considerations.

Maximum Power Point Tracking of Multi-String Photovoltaic Array via Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xiao ◽  
Yaoyu Li ◽  
John E. Seem ◽  
Kaushik Rajashekara
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Approximation ◽  
Maximum Power Point Tracking ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point

This paper presents a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) strategy for multi-string photovoltaic (PV) systems using the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm. The multi-string PV system considered is a decentralized control configuration, controlling the voltage reference to each PV module but based on the feedback of the total power at the DC bus. This requires only one pair of voltage and current measurements. The MPPT control problem for such topology of multi-string PV systems features a high input dimension, which can dramatically slow down the searching process for the real-time optimization process involved. The SPSA algorithm is considered in this study due to its remarkable capability of fast convergence for high dimensional search problems endorsed by various applications recently. Simulation study is performed for an 8-string PV system, and experimental study is performed for a 4-string PV system. Good performances are observed for both simulation and experimental results.

scholarly journals An Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Ali M. Eltamaly
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Power Point Tracking ◽  
Cuckoo Search ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Maximum Power Point ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point Tracking ◽  
Power Point

The problem of partial shading has serious effects on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Adding a bypass diode in shunt to each PV module avoids hot-spot phenomena, but causes multi-peaks in the power–voltage (P–V) characteristics of the PV array, which cause traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to become trapped in local peaks. This problem has forced researchers to search for smart techniques to track global peaks and prevent the possibility of convergence at local peaks. Swarm optimization techniques have been used to fill this shortcoming; unfortunately, however, these techniques suffer from unacceptably long convergence time. Cuckoo search (CS) is one of the fastest and most reliable optimization techniques, making it an ideal option to be used as an MPPT of PV systems under dynamic partial shading conditions. The standard CS algorithm has a long conversion time, high failure rate, and high oscillations at steady state; this paper aims to overcome these problems and to fill this research gap by improving the performance of the CS. The results obtained from this technique are compared to five swarm optimization techniques. The comparison study shows the superiority of the improved CS strategy introduced in this paper over the other swarm optimization techniques.

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