Water Hammer Pressure Transients in a Closed Loop System

Volume 3 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Leishear ◽  
Jeffrey H. Morehouse
Keyword(s):  
Method Of Characteristics ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Water Hammer ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Trapped Air ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Fluid Transients

The effects of fluid transients, or water hammer, in closed loop systems are somewhat different than those observed in open ended systems. The open loop system has received much attention in the literature, not so for the closed system. The generally accepted method of characteristics (MOC) technique was applied herein to investigate closed loop systems. The magnitudes of the pressures during fluid transients were investigated for examples of rapid valve closures, and the operations of parallel pumps. The effects of trapped air in the system were also considered for these examples. To reduce the pressures caused by the transients, the installation of slow closing valves were evaluated for different conditions.

The Application of Fractional Order Calculus in Closed-Loop System Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 442 ◽  
pp. 315-320
Author(s):  
Yun Fang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
System Control ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
System Robustness ◽  
Fractional Controller ◽  
Frequency Phase

A design method of fractional controller has been developed to meet the five different specifications, including for the closed-loop system robustness. The specifications of cross frequency, phase to get financing ϕ meters and robustness and complete performance curve based on level off the stage of open loop system, ensure damping is worse reaction time of model uncertainty gain change.

Remarks on the Modelling of Active Structures With Colocated Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Loix ◽  
A. Preumont
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Active Structures ◽  
Modelling Techniques

Abstract This paper aims to attract the attention of the designers of active structures on the importance of evaluating properly the feedthrough component of the open-loop transfer functions. It is shown that overlooking the feedthrough component can change significantly the location of the zeros of the open-loop system and, as a result, alter drastically the performance of the closed-loop system. The feedthrough term may result from the quasi-static contribution of the high frequency modes or from local effects that are neglected by over-simplified modelling techniques (e.g. plate or beam instead of shell). The problem is illustrated with a cantilever beam provided with strain actuators.

A Biological Feedback Control System with Electronic Input: The Artificially Closed Femur-Tibia Control System of Stick Insects

1986 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. WEILAND ◽  
U. BÄSSLER ◽  
M. BRUNNER
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Stick Insects

An experimental arrangement was constructed which is based on the open-loop femur-tibia control system of two stick insect species (Carausius morosus and Cuniculina impigra). It could be artificially closed in the following way: the position of the tibia was measured by an optical device and this value was used to drive a penmotor which moved the receptor apodeme of the femoral chordotonal organ in the same way as in intact animals. This arrangement allows direct comparison of the behaviour of the open-loop and the closed-loop system as well as introducing an additional delay. The Carausius system has a phase reserve of only 30°-50° and the factor of feedback control approaches 1 between 1 and 2 Hz. This agrees with the observation that an additional delay of 70–200 ms produces long-lasting oscillations of 1–2 Hz. The Cuniculina system has a larger phase reserve and consequently a delay of 200 ms produced no oscillations. All experiments show that extrapolation from the open-loop system to the closed-loop system is valid, despite the non-linear characteristics of the loop. Consequences for servo-mechanisms during walking and rocking movements are discussed.

Emotional Modularization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Customer Expectations

This paper points out that in order to provide emotional satisfaction to the customer, hardware products should be modularized not only with functions or shapes, but with more meanings such as adaptability, etc. Thus, a network-structured modularization is called for more than a tree-structured one to cope with diverse customer expectations. The emerging field of material digitalization, which can be compared to physical FEM, is expected to provide a versatile and flexible tool for this purpose and it will change our design from the current open loop system to the closed loop system so that it will provide us with the capability of managing deterioration and that of adaptability to the frequently and widely changing situations.

Accounting for Out-of-Bandwidth Modes in the Assumed Modes Approach: Implications on Colocated Output Feedback Control

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Output Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Output Feedback Control ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Poles And Zeros ◽  
Admissible Functions

Colocated, output feedback is commonly used in the control of reverberant systems. More often than not, the system to be controlled displays high modal density at a moderate frequency, and thus the compliance of the out-of-bandwidth modes significantly influences the performance of the closed-loop system at low frequencies. In the assumed modes approach, the inclusion principle is used to demonstrate that the poles of the dynamic system converge from above when additional admissible functions are used to expand the solution. However, one can also interpret the convergence of the poles in terms of the zeros of the open-loop system. Since colocated inputs and outputs are known to have interlaced poles and zeros, the effect of a modification to the structural impedance locally serves to couple the modes of the system through feedback. The poles of the modified system follow loci defined by the relative location of the open-loop poles and zeros. Thus, as the number of admissible functions used in the series expansion is increased, the interlaced zeros of the colocated plant tend toward the open-loop poles, causing the closed-loop poles to converge from above as predicted by the inclusion principle. The analysis and results presented in this work indicate that the cumulative compliance of the out-of-bandwidth modes and not the modes themselves is required to converge the zeros of the open-loop system and the poles of the closed-loop system.

scholarly journals A System View on Iterative MIMO Detection: Dynamic Sphere Detection versus Fixed Effort List Detection

VLSI Design ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Gimmler-Dumont ◽  
Frank Kienle ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Guido Masera
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Spatial Multiplexing ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Mimo Detection ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop Systems ◽  
Sphere Detection

Multiple-antenna systems are a promising approach to increase the data rate of wireless communication systems. One efficient possibility is spatial multiplexing of the transmitted symbols over several antennas. Many different MIMO detector algorithms exist for this spatial multiplexing. The major difference between different MIMO detectors is the resulting communications performance and implementation complexity, respectively. Particularly closed-loop MIMO systems have attained a lot of attention in the last years. In a closed-loop system, reliability information is fed back from the channel decoder to the MIMO detector. In this paper, we derive a basic framework to compare different soft-input soft-output MIMO detectors in open- and closed-loop systems. Within this framework, we analyze a depth-first sphere detector and a breadth-first fixed effort detector for different application scenarios and their effects on area and energy efficiency on the whole system. We present all system components under open- and closed-loop system aspects and determine the overall implementation cost for changing an open-loop system in a closed-loop system.

Multi-Stage System Identification of a Gas Turbine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Pandey ◽  
Maurício de Oliveira ◽  
Chad M. Holcomb
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Open Loop System ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Identification Techniques

Several techniques have recently been proposed to identify open-loop system models from input-output data obtained while the plant is operating under closed-loop control. So called multi-stage identification techniques are particularly useful in industrial applications where obtaining input-output information in the absence of closed-loop control is often difficult. These open-loop system models can then be employed in the design of more sophisticated closed-loop controllers. This paper introduces a methodology to identify linear open-loop models of gas turbine engines using a multi-stage identification procedure. The procedure utilizes closed-loop data to identify a closed-loop sensitivity function in the first stage and extracts the open-loop plant model in the second stage. The closed-loop data can be obtained by any sufficiently informative experiment from a plant in operation or simulation. We present simulation results here. This is the logical process to follow since using experimentation is often prohibitively expensive and unpractical. Both identification stages use standard open-loop identification techniques. We then propose a series of techniques to validate the accuracy of the identified models against first principles simulations in both the time and frequency domains. Finally, the potential to use these models for control design is discussed.

Application of Anytime Control to an Inherently Unstable Physical System

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Maxwell ◽  
Al Ferri ◽  
Bonnie Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Loop System ◽  
Closed Loop System ◽  
Pendulum System ◽  
Inverted Pendulum System ◽  
Lqr Controller ◽  
Two Stages

This paper extends the use of closed-loop anytime control to systems that are inherently unstable in the open-loop. Previous work has shown that anytime control is very effective in compensating for occasional missed deadlines in the computer processor. When misses occur, the control law is truncated or partially executed. However, the previous work assumed that the open-loop system was stable. In this paper, the anytime strategy is applied to an inverted pendulum system. An LQR controller with estimated state feedback is designed and decomposed into two stages. Both stages are implemented most of the time, but in a small percentage of time, only the first stage is applied, with the resulting closed-loop system being unstable for short periods of time. The statistical performance of the closed-loop system is studied using Monte-Carlo simulations. It is seen that, on average, the closed-loop performance is very close to that of the full-order controller as long as the miss rate is relatively small. However, the variance of the response shows much higher dependence on the miss rate, suggesting that the response becomes more unpredictable. At a critical value of miss rate, the closed-loop system is unstable. The critical miss rate found through simulation is seen to correlate well with the results of a deterministic stability analysis. The statistics on the settling time are also studied, and shown to grow longer as the miss rate increases. The transient behavior of the system is studied for a range of initial conditions.

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